0001836875-24-000035 | 10-K | XBRL Viewer

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Non-Controlling Interest - Narrative (Details)	12 Months Ended
Non-Controlling Interest - Narrative (Details)	Dec. 31, 2023 USD ($) vesting_installment $ / shares shares	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($) $ / shares shares	Dec. 31, 2021 USD ($)
Noncontrolling Interest [Line Items]
Temporary equity, shares authorized (in Shares) \| shares	1,000,000	1,000,000
Temporary equity, par value (in Dollars per share) \| $ / shares	$ 0	$ 0
Temporary equity, shares issued (in Shares) \| shares	3,138	3,138
Temporary equity, shares outstanding (in Shares) \| shares	3,138	3,138
Less: Non-controlling redeemable preferred shares - embedded derivatives	$ 497,606
Redeemable noncontrolling interest, equity, carrying amount	$ 2,640,394
Accretion period (in years)	7 years
Unrecognized compensation costs, period of recognition	1 year 5 months 1 day
Selling, general and administrative
Noncontrolling Interest [Line Items]
Compensation expense	$ 4,107,634	$ 5,475,545
Class D Incentive Units
Noncontrolling Interest [Line Items]
Vesting percentage	80.00%
Number of vesting installments \| vesting_installment	4
Percentage of incentive units to be vested	20.00%
Total unrecognized compensation cost related to nonvested restricted stock	$ 283,381
Unrecognized compensation costs, period of recognition	2 years
Class D Incentive Units \| Selling, general and administrative
Noncontrolling Interest [Line Items]
Compensation expense	$ 127,134	445,479
Class D Incentive Units \| Share-Based Payment Arrangement, All Tranches
Noncontrolling Interest [Line Items]
Vesting percentage	80.00%
Class D Incentive Units \| Share Based Compensation Award Tranche Four
Noncontrolling Interest [Line Items]
Vesting percentage	25.00%
Class D Incentive Units \| Share-Based Payment Arrangement, Tranche Two
Noncontrolling Interest [Line Items]
Vesting percentage	25.00%
Class D Incentive Units \| Share-Based Payment Arrangement, Tranche Three
Noncontrolling Interest [Line Items]
Vesting percentage	25.00%
Class D Incentive Units \| Share-Based Payment Arrangement, Tranche One
Noncontrolling Interest [Line Items]
Vesting percentage	25.00%
Redeemable non controlling interests
Noncontrolling Interest [Line Items]
Redeemable noncontrolling interest, equity, carrying amount	$ 4,193,629	3,547,765	$ 2,901,899
Accretion value	$ 645,864	$ 645,866
Levo Mobility LLC \| Series B Preferred Stock
Noncontrolling Interest [Line Items]
Temporary equity, shares authorized (in Shares) \| shares	1,000,000
Temporary equity, dividend rate, percentage	8.00%
Temporary equity, par value (in Dollars per share) \| $ / shares	$ 1,000
Temporary equity, accretion of dividends	$ 612,201
Temporary equity, shares issued (in Shares) \| shares	3,138
Temporary equity, shares outstanding (in Shares) \| shares	3,138
Redeemable noncontrolling interest, equity, fair value	$ 3,138,000

Intangible Assets

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]

Intangible Assets

At both December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company had recorded a gross intangible asset balance of $2,091,556, which is related to patent and intangible property rights acquired. Amortization expense of intangible assets were $139,437 for each of the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022. Accumulated amortization totaled $889,353 and $749,916 at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

The net amount of intangible assets of $1,202,203 at December 31, 2023, will be amortized over the weighted average remaining life of 8.8 years.

Total estimated future amortization expense is as follows:


2024	$	139,437
2025	139,437
2026	137,770
2027	132,770
2028	132,770
Thereafter	520,019
	$	1,202,203

Share-Based Compensation - Schedule of other share based compensation information (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Share-Based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]
Proceeds from exercise of stock options	$ 0	$ 245,748
Total unrecognized options compensation costs	$ 3,383,406
Weighted average remaining recognition period	1 year 5 months 1 day

Derivative Liability - Non-Controlling Redeemable Preferred Stock (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosure [Abstract]

Schedule of derivative liabilities at fair value

The following table displays the fair value of derivatives by balance sheet line item:


	December 31, 2023		December 31, 2022
Other long term liabilities:
Derivative liability - non-controlling redeemable preferred shares	$	309,728	$	359,225

Audit Information	12 Months Ended
Audit Information	Dec. 31, 2023
Audit Information [Abstract]
Auditor Firm ID	34
Auditor Name	Deloitte & Touche LLP
Auditor Location	San Diego, California

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss - USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Statement of Comprehensive Income [Abstract]
Net loss	$ (31,296,787)	$ (24,557,506)
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes
Foreign currency translation adjustments, net of taxes	17,494	(37,264)
Total comprehensive loss	(31,279,293)	(24,594,770)
Less: Comprehensive loss attributable to non-controlling interests, net taxes	(12,456)	(538,841)
Comprehensive loss attributable to Nuvve Holding Corp.	(31,266,837)	(24,055,929)
Less: Preferred dividends on redeemable non-controlling interests	(285,595)	(263,846)
Less: Accretion on redeemable non-controlling interests preferred shares	(645,864)	(645,866)
Comprehensive loss attributable to Nuvve Holding Corp. common stockholders	$ (30,335,378)	$ (23,146,217)

Revenue Recognition - Schedule of information regarding disaggregated revenue based on revenue by service (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Deferred Revenue Arrangement [Line Items]
Total revenue	$ 8,332,162	$ 5,373,383
Services - engineering and others
Deferred Revenue Arrangement [Line Items]
Total revenue	1,322,953	337,005
Grid services
Deferred Revenue Arrangement [Line Items]
Total revenue	839,265	447,705
Grants
Deferred Revenue Arrangement [Line Items]
Total revenue	326,757	459,427
Products
Deferred Revenue Arrangement [Line Items]
Total revenue	$ 5,843,187	$ 4,129,246

- Definition

Amount, excluding tax collected from customer, of revenue from satisfaction of performance obligation by transferring promised good or service to customer. Tax collected from customer is tax assessed by governmental authority that is both imposed on and concurrent with specific revenue-producing transaction, including, but not limited to, sales, use, value added and excise.

+ References

Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
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Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
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Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
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Reference 4: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
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Reference 5: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
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-URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147482810/280-10-50-22

Reference 6: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
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Reference 7: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 280
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-URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147482810/280-10-50-40

Reference 8: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
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Reference 9: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 280
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-Paragraph 32
-Subparagraph (a)
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-URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147482810/280-10-50-32

Reference 10: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 280
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 41
-Subparagraph (a)
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147482810/280-10-50-41

Reference 11: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 606
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-Section 50
-Paragraph 4
-Subparagraph (a)
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147479806/606-10-50-4

+ Details

Noncontrolling Interest - Schedule of nonvested Class D Incentive Units (Details)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023 USD ($) $ / shares shares
Weighted- Average Grant Date Fair Value($)
Reversal of previously recognized compensation expense for forfeited shares \| $	$ 421,371
Class D Incentive Units
Shares
Beginning balance (in Shares) \| shares	250,000
Granted (in Shares) \| shares	0
Vested (in Shares) \| shares	0
Cancelled (in Shares) \| shares	200,000
Ending balance (in Shares) \| shares	50,000
Weighted- Average Grant Date Fair Value($)
Beginning balance (in Dollars per share) \| $ / shares	$ 13.28
Granted (in Dollars per share) \| $ / shares	0
Vested (in Dollars per share) \| $ / shares	0
Cancelled (in Dollars per share) \| $ / shares	12.49
Ending balance (in Dollars per share) \| $ / shares	$ 12.49

Stockholders’ Equity

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Stockholders' Equity Note [Abstract]

Stockholders’ Equity

Reverse Stock Split

The reverse stock split did not affect the number of authorized shares of the Company's common stock or the par value of the common stock. Following the reverse stock split effectiveness on January 19, 2024, all references in the consolidated financial statements to number of common shares issued or outstanding, price per share and weighted average number of shares outstanding prior to the 1 for 40 reverse split have been adjusted to reflect the stock split on a retroactive basis as of the earliest period presented.

Authorized Shares

As of December 31, 2023, the Company has authorized two classes of stock to be designated, respectively, common stock, and preferred stock. The total number of shares of all classes of capital stock which the Company has authority to issue is 101,000,000, of which 100,000,000 authorized shares are Common Stock with a par value of $0.0001 per share (“Common Stock”), and 1,000,000 authorized shares are Preferred Stock of the par value of $0.0001 per share (“Preferred Stock”).

Preferred Stock

The Board of Directors is expressly granted authority to issue shares of the Preferred Stock, in one or more series, and to fix for each such series such voting powers, full or limited, and such designations, preferences and relative, participating, optional or other special rights and such qualifications, limitations or restrictions thereof as shall be stated and expressed in the resolution or resolutions adopted by the Board of Directors providing for the issue of such series (a “Preferred Stock Designation”) and as may be permitted by the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware. The number of authorized shares of Preferred Stock may be increased or decreased (but not below the number of shares thereof then outstanding) by the affirmative vote of the holders of a majority of the voting power of all of the then outstanding shares of the capital stock of the Corporation entitled to vote generally in the election of directors, voting together as a single class, without a separate vote of the holders of the Preferred Stock, or any series thereof, unless a vote of any such holders is required pursuant to any Preferred Stock Designation. No preferred stock of Nuvve Holding have been issued and or are outstanding.

Common Stock

General: The voting, dividend, liquidation, conversion, and stock split rights of the holders of the Common Stock are subject to and qualified by the rights of the holders of the Preferred Stock of any series as may be designated by the Board of Directors upon any issuance of the Preferred Stock of any series. The number of authorized shares of Common Stock may be increased or decreased (but not below the number of shares thereof then outstanding) by the affirmative vote of the holders of a majority of the stock of the Company entitled to vote.

Voting: Each holder of Common Stock shall be entitled to one vote for each share of Common Stock held by such holder. Each holder of Common Stock shall be entitled to notice of any stockholders’ meeting in accordance with the Bylaws of the

Company (as in effect at the time in question) (the “Bylaws”) and applicable law on all matters put to a vote of the stockholders of the Company.

Dividends: Subject to the rights of any holders of any shares of Preferred Stock which may from time to time come into existence and be outstanding, the holders of Common Stock shall be entitled to the payment of dividends when and as declared by the Board of Directors in accordance with applicable law and to receive other distributions from the Company. Any dividends declared by the Board of Directors to the holders of the then outstanding shares of Common Stock shall be paid to the holders thereof pro rata in accordance with the number of shares of Common Stock held by each such holder as of the record date of such dividend.

Liquidation: Subject to the rights of any holders of any shares of Preferred Stock which may from time to time come into existence and be outstanding, in the event of any liquidation, dissolution, or winding up of the Corporation, whether voluntary or involuntary, the funds and assets of the Corporation that may be legally distributed to the Corporation’s stockholders shall be distributed among the holders of the then outstanding shares of Common Stock pro rata in accordance with the number of shares of Common Stock held by each such holder.

Shelf Registration, At the Market Offering and Registered Direct Offering

On April 25, 2022, the Company filed a shelf registration statement (the "Registration Statement") with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) which will allow it to issue unspecified amounts of common stock, preferred stock, warrants for the purchase of shares of common stock or preferred stock, debt securities, and units consisting of any combination

of any of the foregoing securities, in one or more series, from time to time and in one or more offerings up to a total dollar amount of $100.0 million. The shelf registration statement was declared effective on May 5, 2022. The Company was able to raise capital by issuing securities pursuant to its effective shelf registration statement.

2023 ATM Offering Program

On January 31, 2023, the Company entered into an At the Market Offering Agreement (the “ATM Agreement”) with Craig-Hallum Capital Group LLC (“Craig-Hallum”), as the sales agent (the “Agent”), pursuant to which the Company may offer and sell, from time to time through the Agent, shares of its common stock (the “Shares”), having an aggregate offering price of up to $25,000,000. The Company paid the Agent a commission of 3.0% of the aggregate gross sales prices of the Shares. The Company reimbursed the Agent for fees and disbursements of its legal counsel in the amount of $50,000. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company sold 37,804 shares of common stock pursuant to the ATM Agreement at an average price of $25.60 per share for aggregate net proceeds of approximately $0.9 million. Effective October 16, 2023, the Company and the Agent agreed to terminate the ATM Agreement.

February 2023 Registered Direct Offering

On February 17, 2023, the Company entered into a subscription agreement with a certain institutional and accredited investor, relating to the issuance and sale of 13,587 shares of common stock in a registered direct offering (the “February 2023 Offering”). The offering price for the shares was $36.80 per share of common stock. The closing of the February 2023 Offering occurred on February 21, 2023. The aggregate gross proceeds from the February 2023 Offering was approximately $0.5 million. Chardan Capital Markets LLC acted as the placement agent for the February 2023 Offering and received a sales commission of 6.0% of the gross proceeds.

April 2023 Registered Direct Offering

On April 14, 2023, the Company entered into a subscription agreement with a certain institutional and accredited investor, relating to the issuance and sale of 45,455 shares of common stock in a registered direct offering (the “April 2023 Offering”). The offering price for the shares was $22.00 per share of common stock. The closing of the April 2023 Offering occurred on April 17, 2023. The aggregate gross proceeds from the April 2023 Offering was approximately $1.0 million. Chardan Capital Markets LLC acted as the placement agent for the April 2023 Offering and received a sales commission of 6.0% of the gross proceeds.

June 2023 Registered Direct Offering

On June 6, 2023, the Company entered into a subscription agreement with a certain institutional and accredited investor, relating to the issuance and sale of 62,313 shares of common stock in a registered direct offering (the “June 2023 Offering”). The offering price for the shares was $16.00 per share of common stock. The closing of the June 2023 Offering occurred on June 6, 2023. The aggregate gross proceeds from the June 2023 Offering was approximately $1.0 million. Chardan Capital Markets LLC acted as the placement agent for the June 2023 Offering and received a sales commission of 6.0% of the gross proceeds.

October 2023 Offerings

On October 18, 2023, the Company entered into a marketed offering relating to the issuance and sale of 178,571 shares of its common stock. The offering price for the shares was $5.60 per share of common stock. The closing of the offering occurred on October 20, 2023. The aggregate gross proceeds from the market offering was approximately $1.0 million. Aegis Capital Corp acted as the underwriting agent of offering and received underwriting discounts and commissions equal to 7.0% of the gross proceeds. In addition, the Company granted Aegis Capital Corp. a 45-day option to purchase up to 26,786 of additional shares of common stock, less underwriting discounts and commissions solely to cover over-allotments. On October 20, 2023, Aegis exercised the option to purchase over-allotments shares of 19,931 at offering price of $5.60 per share. The aggregate gross proceeds from the exercise of over-allotments shares was approximately $0.1 million. Aegis Capital Corp received underwriting discounts and commissions equal to 7.0% of the gross proceeds of the exercise of the over-allotment option.

On October 25, 2023 the Company entered into a definitive agreement with a single institutional investor for the purchase and sale of 344,324 shares of common stock and pre-funded warrants to acquire shares of common stock in a registered direct offering. The purchase price of each share was $6.00 per share. The purchase price for the pre-funded warrants is equivalent to the purchase price for the shares, less the exercise price of $0.0001. The aggregate gross proceeds to the Company was approximately $2.1 million. The transaction closed on October 27, 2023, and was subject to the satisfaction of customary closing conditions.

Securities Purchase Agreement, Pre-Funded Warrants and Warrants

On July 27, 2022, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement (the “Purchase Agreement”) with a certain institutional and accredited investor (the “Purchaser”), relating to the issuance and sale of 53,750 shares (the “Shares”) of common stock (the “Common Stock”), pre-funded warrants to purchase an aggregate of 46,250 shares of Common Stock (the “Pre-Funded Warrants”), and warrants (the “July 2022 Warrants”) to purchase an aggregate of 100,000 shares of Common Stock in a registered direct offering (the “July 2022 Offering”). The offering closed on July 29, 2022.

The offering price for the Shares, and accompanying July 2022 Warrants, was $140.00 per Share and the offering price for the Pre-Funded Warrants, and accompanying was $139.9960 per Pre-Funded Warrant, which represents the per Share public offering price less $0.004 per share exercise price for each Pre-Funded Warrant. Each Pre-Funded Warrant has an exercise price of $0.004 per share of common stock, subject to adjustment for stock splits, reverse stock splits, stock dividends and similar transactions. The July 2022 Warrants have an exercise price of $150.00 per share of common stock, subject to adjustment for stock splits, reverse stock splits, stock dividends and similar transactions, and each July 2022 Warrant is exercisable for one share of Common Stock. The July 2022 Warrants are exercisable beginning six months from the date of issuance and the Pre-Funded Warrants are be exercisable immediately upon issuance. The Pre-Funded Warrants terminate when fully exercised and the July 2022 Warrants terminate five years from the initial exercisability date. The aggregate gross proceeds to the Company from the July 2022 Offering were approximately $14.0 million and net proceeds were approximately $13.1 million, excluding the proceeds, if any, from the exercise of the Pre-Funded Warrants and the Warrants. The Company used the net proceeds from the July 2022 Offering for working capital and general corporate purposes. The fair values of the Pre-Funded warrants are recorded in the consolidated balance sheets in additional-paid-in capital in stockholders' equity as the Pre-Funded warrants are indexed to the Company’s common stock and meet the conditions for equity classification. The Warrants are recorded as a liability in the consolidated balance sheet at fair value, with changes in fair value recorded in the consolidated statement of operations. See Note 4 for details of changes in fair value of the unvested warrants recorded in the consolidated statement of operations.

Craig-Hallum Capital Group LLC (the “Placement Agent”) was the exclusive placement agent for the July 2022 Offering.

The July 2022 Offering was made pursuant to the Registration Statement, a base prospectus included as part of the registration statement, and a final prospectus supplement filed with the SEC on July 28, 2022, pursuant to Rule 424(b) under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended.

Placement Agency Agreement

In connection with the July 2022 Offering, the Company also entered into a Placement Agency Agreement with the Placement Agent. Pursuant to the Placement Agency Agreement, the Company paid to the Placement Agent a fee equal to 6.0% of the gross proceeds received by the Company in the July 2022 Offering in the form of cash.

Warrants - Stonepeak and Evolve

On May 17, 2021, in connection with the signing of a letter of agreement, relating to the formation of Levo (the "Letter Agreement"), the Company issued to Stonepeak and Evolve ten years warrants to purchase common stock (allocated 90% to Stonepeak and 10% to Evolve). See below for details. The grant-date fair value of the warrants issued to Stonepeak and Evolve were: series B $12.8 million, series C $5.6 million, series D $4.8 million, series E $3.8 million and series F $3.2 million. The fair values of the vested warrants are recorded in the consolidated balance sheets in additional-paid-in capital in stockholders' equity as the warrants are indexed to the Company’s common stock and meet the conditions for equity classification. The unvested warrants are recorded as a liability in the consolidated balance sheet at fair value, with changes in fair value recorded in the consolidated statement of operations as the unvested warrants are deemed not to be indexed to the Company’s common stock. See Note 4 for details.

•Series B warrants to purchase 50,000 shares of the Company’s common stock, at an exercise price of $400.00 per share, which are fully vested upon issuance,

•Series C warrants to purchase 25,000 shares of the Company’s common stock, at an exercise price of $600.00 per share, which are vested as to 50% of the shares upon issuance and vest as to the remaining 50% when Levo has entered into contracts with third parties for $125 million in aggregate capital expenditures,

•Series D warrants to purchase 25,000 shares of the Company’s common stock, at an exercise price of $800.00 per share, which are vested as to 50% of the shares upon issuance and vest as to the remaining 50% when Levo has entered into contracts with third parties for $250 million in aggregate capital expenditures,

•Series E warrants to purchase 25,000 shares of the Company’s common stock, at an exercise price of $1,200.00 per share, which are vested as to 50% of the shares upon issuance and vest as to the remaining 50% when Levo has entered into contracts with third parties for $375 million in aggregate capital expenditures, and

•Series F warrants to purchase 25,000 shares of the Company’s common stock, at an exercise price of $1,600.00 per share, which are vested as to 50% of the shares upon issuance and vest as to the remaining 50% when Levo has entered into contracts with third parties for $500 million in aggregate capital expenditures.

The warrants may be exercised at any time on or after the date that is 180 days after the applicable vesting date.

Under the terms of the Letter Agreement, Stonepeak and Evolve will fund acquisition and construction costs up to an aggregate conditional capital commitment of $750 million. Stonepeak and Evolve will have the option to upsize their conditional capital commitments when Levo has entered into contracts with third parties for $500 million in aggregate conditional capital expenditures. See Note 19 of our 2021 Form 10-K/A for further description of the terms of the conditional capital commitment with Stonepeak and Evolve.

Securities Purchase Agreement

On May 17, 2021, in connection with the signing of a Letter Agreement relating to the formation of a venture, Levo, the Company entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement with Stonepeak and Evolve which provides them from time to time between November 13, 2021 and November 17, 2028, with the option in their sole discretion, to purchase up to an aggregate of $250 million in shares of the Company’s common stock at a purchase price of $2,000.00 per share (allocated 90% to Stonepeak and 10% to Evolve). The grant-date fair value of the options to purchase shares of the Company’s common stock was $12.6 million, and is recorded in the consolidated balance sheets as equity in additional-paid-in capital, as it is indexed to the Company’s common stock and meets the conditions for equity classification.

In connection with the signing of the Letter Agreement, as reference above, the Company also entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement (the “SPA”) and a Registration Rights Agreement (the “RRA”) with Stonepeak and Evolve. The SPA includes customary representations and warranties and closing conditions and customary indemnification provisions. In addition, Stonepeak and Evolve may elect to purchase shares under the SPA on a cashless basis in the event of a change of control of the Company.

Warrants - Public and Private

In connection with its initial public offering on February 19, 2020, Newborn sold 143,750 units, which included one warrant to purchase Newborn’s common stock (the “Public Warrants”). Also, on February 19, 2020, NeoGenesis Holding Co., Ltd., Newborn’s sponsor (“the Sponsor”), purchased an aggregate of 6,813 private units, each of which included one warrant (the “Private Warrants”), which have the same terms as the Public Warrants. Upon completion of the merger between Nuvve and Newborn, the Public Warrants and Private Warrants were automatically converted to warrants to purchase Common Stock of the Company.

Each of the Public Warrants and Private Warrants entitles the holder to purchase one-half of a share of Nuvve’s Common Stock at a price of $460.00 per share. The term of the warrants commenced on March 19, 2021, the date of completion of the Business Combination, and expire on March 19, 2026. The Company may redeem the Public Warrants at a price of $0.40 per warrant upon 30 days’ notice, only in the event that the last sale price of the ordinary shares is at least $660.00 per share for any 20 trading days within a 30-trading day period ending on the third day prior to the date on which notice of redemption is given, provided there is an effective registration statement and current prospectus in effect with respect to the ordinary shares underlying such Warrants during the 30 day redemption period. If the Company decides to redeem the warrants as described above, management will have the option to require all holders that wish to exercise warrants to do so on a “cashless basis.”

The terms of the Private Warrants are identical to the Public Warrants as described above, except that the Private Warrants are not redeemable so long as they are held by the Sponsor or its permitted transferees. Concurrently with the execution of the Merger Agreement, on November 11, 2020, Newborn entered into subscription agreements with certain accredited investors pursuant to which the investors agreed to purchase 35,625 of Newborn’s common stock, at a purchase price of $400.00 per share, for an aggregate purchase price of $14,250,000 (the PIPE). Upon closing of the PIPE immediately prior to the closing of the Business Combination, the PIPE investors also received 1.9 PIPE Warrants to purchase the Company’s Common Stock for each share of Common Stock purchased. The PIPE Warrants are each exercisable for one-half of a common share at $460.00 per share and have the same terms as described above for the Public Warrants. The PIPE investors received demand and piggyback registration rights in connection with the securities issued to them.

Because the Private Warrants have dissimilar terms with respect to the Company’s redemption rights depending on the holder of the Private Warrants, the Company determined that the Private Warrants are required to be carried as a liability in the

consolidated balance sheet at fair value, with changes in fair value recorded in the consolidated statement of operations. The Private Warrant is reflected as a liability in the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the change in the fair value of the Private Warrant for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 in the consolidated statements of operations. See Note 4 for details of changes in fair value of the Private Warrants recorded in the consolidated statement of operations.

The following table is a summary of the number of shares of the Company’s Common Stock issuable upon exercise of warrants outstanding at December 31, 2023:


	Number of Warrants	Number of Warrants Exercised	Number of Warrants Exercisable	Exercise Price	Expiration Date
Public Warrants	71,875	—	71,875	$460.00	March 19, 2026
Private Warrants	3,406	—	3,406	$460.00	March 19, 2026
PIPE Warrants	33,844	—	33,844	$460.00	March 19, 2026
Stonepeak/Evolve Warrants - series B	50,000	—	50,000	$400.00	May 17, 2031
Stonepeak/Evolve Warrants - series C	25,000	—	12,500	$600.00	May 17, 2031
Stonepeak/Evolve Warrants - series D	25,000	—	12,500	$800.00	May 17, 2031
Stonepeak/Evolve Warrants - series E	25,000	—	12,500	$1,200.00	May 17, 2031
Stonepeak/Evolve Warrants - series F	25,000	—	12,500	$1,600.00	May 17, 2031
Institutional/Accredited Investor Pre-Funded Warrants	235,171	122,500	112,671	$0.004	Until Exercised in Full
Institutional/Accredited Investor Warrants	100,000	—	100,000	$150.00	January 29, 2028
	594,296	122,500	421,796

Unit Purchase Option

On February 19, 2020, Newborn sold to the underwriters of its initial public offering for $100, a unit purchase option ("UPO") to purchase up to a total of 7,906 units at $460.00 per unit (or an aggregate exercise price of $3,636,875) commencing on the date of Newborn's initial business combination, March 19, 2021, and expiring February 13, 2025. Each unit issuable upon exercise of the UPO consists of one and one-tenth of a share of the Company's common stock and one warrant to purchase one share of the Company's common stock at the exercise price of $460.00 per share. The warrant has the same terms as the Public Warrant. In no event will the Company be required to net cash settle the exercise of the UPO or the warrants underlying the UPO. The holders of the unit purchase option have demand and "piggy back" registration rights for periods of five and seven years, respectively, from the effective date of the IPO, including securities directly and indirectly issuable upon exercise of the unit purchase option. The UPO is classified within stockholders’ equity in the consolidated balance sheets as “additional paid-in capital” in accordance with ASC 815-40, Derivatives and Hedging-Contracts in an Entity’s Own Equity, as the UPO is indexed to the Company’s common stock and meets the conditions for equity classification.

- Definition

The entire disclosure for equity.

+ References

Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
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-Section 50
-Paragraph 13
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Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
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Reference 4: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
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+ Details

Leases - Lessor (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
Leases - Lessor (Details) - USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Lessee, Lease, Description [Line Items]
Operating lease, term of contract	10 years
Investment in leases	$ 112,255	$ 97,054
Operating Lease, Lease Income, Statement of Income or Comprehensive Income [Extensible Enumeration]	Total revenue
Master services agreement
Lessee, Lease, Description [Line Items]
Operating lease, term of contract		10 years
Lease income	$ 24,027	$ 99,981
Interest income	13,987	3,341
Total lease income	$ 38,014	$ 103,322

- Definition

Amount of operating interest income, including, but not limited to, amortization and accretion of premiums and discounts on securities.

+ References + Details

Share-Based Compensation - Schedule of black-scholes option pricing model to estimate the fair value of stock options (Details) - 2020 Plan	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Expected life of options (in years)	7 years
Dividend yield	0.00%
Risk-free interest rate	4.61%
Volatility	79.60%

- Definition

Line items represent financial concepts included in a table. These concepts are used to disclose reportable information associated with domain members defined in one or many axes to the table.

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+ Details

Subsequent Events - Narrative (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Millions					12 Months Ended
	Feb. 02, 2024	Jan. 31, 2024	Jul. 27, 2022	Feb. 19, 2020	Dec. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2024	May 17, 2021
Subsequent Event [Line Items]
Gross proceeds			$ 14.0
Warrants outstanding, term							10 years
Per unit price (in Dollars per share)			$ 140.00
Number of warrants exercisable (in Shares)					421,796
Warrants
Subsequent Event [Line Items]
Sale of units (in Shares)				143,750
Exercise price (in Dollars per share)					$ 460.00
Per unit price (in Dollars per share)			$ 139.9960		$ 660.00
Common Stock
Subsequent Event [Line Items]
Sale of units (in Shares)			53,750
Number of securities called by warrants (in shares)			100,000
Common Stock \| Warrants
Subsequent Event [Line Items]
Exercise price (in Dollars per share)			$ 150.00
Subsequent Event \| Underwriting Agreement
Subsequent Event [Line Items]
Gross proceeds	$ 9.6
Per unit price (in Dollars per share)	$ 2.00
Offering price adjustment (in Dollars per share)	$ 1.9999
Subsequent Event \| Underwriting Agreement \| Underwriter Warrants
Subsequent Event [Line Items]
Warrants outstanding, term		5 years
Number of securities called by warrants (in shares)		480,000
Exercise price (in Dollars per share)		$ 2.00
Number of warrants exercisable (in Shares)		240,000
Subsequent Event \| Underwriting Agreement \| Common Stock
Subsequent Event [Line Items]
Underwriter agent fee percentage	7.00%
Sale of units (in Shares)		3,035,000
Subsequent Event \| Underwriting Agreement \| Warrants \| Pre-Funded Warrants
Subsequent Event [Line Items]
Sale of units (in Shares)		1,765,000
Exercise price (in Dollars per share)		$ 0.0001
Subsequent Event \| Underwriting Agreement \| Warrants \| Series A Warrants
Subsequent Event [Line Items]
Sale of units (in Shares)		4,800,000
Warrants outstanding, term						5 years
Class of warrant or right, number of securities called by each warrant (in Shares)		1
Exercise price (in Dollars per share)		$ 2.00
Subsequent Event \| Underwriting Agreement \| Warrants \| Series B Warrants
Subsequent Event [Line Items]
Sale of units (in Shares)		4,800,000
Warrants outstanding, term						9 months
Class of warrant or right, number of securities called by each warrant (in Shares)		1
Exercise price (in Dollars per share)		$ 2.00
Subsequent Event \| Underwriting Agreement \| Warrants \| Series C Warrants
Subsequent Event [Line Items]
Sale of units (in Shares)		4,800,000
Warrants outstanding, term						5 years
Class of warrant or right, number of securities called by each warrant (in Shares)		1
Exercise price (in Dollars per share)		$ 2.00

Stockholders’ Equity - Schedule of common stock issuable upon exercise of warrants outstanding (Details)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023 $ / shares shares
Stockholders’ Equity (Details) - Schedule of common stock issuable upon exercise of warrants outstanding [Line Items]
Number of Warrants (in Shares)	594,296
Number of Warrants Exercised (in Shares)	122,500
Number of Warrants Exercisable (in Shares)	421,796
Public Warrants
Stockholders’ Equity (Details) - Schedule of common stock issuable upon exercise of warrants outstanding [Line Items]
Number of Warrants (in Shares)	71,875
Number of Warrants Exercised (in Shares)	0
Number of Warrants Exercisable (in Shares)	71,875
Exercise price (in Dollars per share) \| $ / shares	$ 460.00
Private Warrants
Stockholders’ Equity (Details) - Schedule of common stock issuable upon exercise of warrants outstanding [Line Items]
Number of Warrants (in Shares)	3,406
Number of Warrants Exercised (in Shares)	0
Number of Warrants Exercisable (in Shares)	3,406
Exercise price (in Dollars per share) \| $ / shares	$ 460.00
PIPE Warrants
Stockholders’ Equity (Details) - Schedule of common stock issuable upon exercise of warrants outstanding [Line Items]
Number of Warrants (in Shares)	33,844
Number of Warrants Exercised (in Shares)	0
Number of Warrants Exercisable (in Shares)	33,844
Exercise price (in Dollars per share) \| $ / shares	$ 460.00
Stonepeak/Evolve Warrants - series B
Stockholders’ Equity (Details) - Schedule of common stock issuable upon exercise of warrants outstanding [Line Items]
Number of Warrants (in Shares)	50,000
Number of Warrants Exercised (in Shares)	0
Number of Warrants Exercisable (in Shares)	50,000
Exercise price (in Dollars per share) \| $ / shares	$ 400.00
Stonepeak/Evolve Warrants - series C
Stockholders’ Equity (Details) - Schedule of common stock issuable upon exercise of warrants outstanding [Line Items]
Number of Warrants (in Shares)	25,000
Number of Warrants Exercised (in Shares)	0
Number of Warrants Exercisable (in Shares)	12,500
Exercise price (in Dollars per share) \| $ / shares	$ 600.00
Stonepeak/Evolve Warrants - series D
Stockholders’ Equity (Details) - Schedule of common stock issuable upon exercise of warrants outstanding [Line Items]
Number of Warrants (in Shares)	25,000
Number of Warrants Exercised (in Shares)	0
Number of Warrants Exercisable (in Shares)	12,500
Exercise price (in Dollars per share) \| $ / shares	$ 800.00
Stonepeak/Evolve Warrants - series E
Stockholders’ Equity (Details) - Schedule of common stock issuable upon exercise of warrants outstanding [Line Items]
Number of Warrants (in Shares)	25,000
Number of Warrants Exercised (in Shares)	0
Number of Warrants Exercisable (in Shares)	12,500
Exercise price (in Dollars per share) \| $ / shares	$ 1,200
Stonepeak/Evolve Warrants - series F
Stockholders’ Equity (Details) - Schedule of common stock issuable upon exercise of warrants outstanding [Line Items]
Number of Warrants (in Shares)	25,000
Number of Warrants Exercised (in Shares)	0
Number of Warrants Exercisable (in Shares)	12,500
Exercise price (in Dollars per share) \| $ / shares	$ 1,600
Institutional/Accredited Investor Pre-Funded Warrants
Stockholders’ Equity (Details) - Schedule of common stock issuable upon exercise of warrants outstanding [Line Items]
Number of Warrants (in Shares)	235,171
Number of Warrants Exercised (in Shares)	122,500
Number of Warrants Exercisable (in Shares)	112,671
Exercise price (in Dollars per share) \| $ / shares	$ 0.004
Institutional/Accredited Investor Warrants
Stockholders’ Equity (Details) - Schedule of common stock issuable upon exercise of warrants outstanding [Line Items]
Number of Warrants (in Shares)	100,000
Number of Warrants Exercised (in Shares)	0
Number of Warrants Exercisable (in Shares)	100,000
Exercise price (in Dollars per share) \| $ / shares	$ 150.00

Organization and Description of Business	12 Months Ended
Organization and Description of Business	Dec. 31, 2023
Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]
Organization and Description of Business	Organization and Description of Business (a)Description of Business Nuvve Holding Corp., a Delaware corporation headquartered in San Diego, California (the “Company” or “Nuvve”), was founded on November 10, 2020 under the laws of the state of Delaware. On March 19, 2021, the Company (at the time known as NB Merger Corp.) acquired the outstanding shares of Nuvve Corporation (“Nuvve Corp.”), and the Company changed its name to Nuvve Holding Corp. The Company owns 100% of Nuvve Corporation, a Delaware corporation headquartered in San Diego, California (“Nuvve Corp.”), which was founded on October 18, 2010, to develop and commercialize Vehicle to Grid ("V2G") technology. Nuvve has developed a proprietary V2G technology, including the Company’s Grid Integrated Vehicle (“GIVe™”) cloud-based software platform, that enables it to link multiple electric vehicle ("EV") batteries into a virtual power plant ("VPP") to provide bi-directional energy to the electrical grid in a qualified and secure manner. The VPP can generate revenue by selling or making available to utility companies excess energy when the price is relatively high or buying energy when the price is relatively low. The V2G technology may allow energy users to reduce energy peak consumption and enable utilities to reduce the required internally generated peak demand. Nuvve’s technology is patent protected. Nuvve’s first commercial operation was proven in Copenhagen in 2016. Since then, Nuvve has established operations in the United States, the United Kingdom, France, and Denmark. In addition to Nuvve’s algorithms and software, Nuvve provides complete V2G solutions to its customers, including V2G bi-directional chargers which are preconfigured to work with Nuvve’s GIVe platform. The Company’s technology is compatible with several charger manufacturers both in Direct Current ("DC") (such as CHAdeMO, a DC charging standard for electric vehicles, enabling seamless communication between the vehicle and the charger) and Alternative Current ("AC") mode. (b) Reverse Stock Split At the Company’s Special Meeting of Stockholders held on January 5, 2024, the Company’s stockholders approved a proposal to authorize a reverse stock split of the Company’s common stock, at a ratio within the range of 1-for-2 to 1-for-40. The Board approved a 1-for-40 reverse split ratio, and on January 19, 2024, the Company filed a Certificate of Amendment to the Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Company with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware to effect the reverse split effective January 19, 2024. The reverse stock split is also applicable to the Company’s outstanding warrants, stock options and restricted stock units. The number of shares of common stock into which these outstanding securities are convertible or exercisable are adjusted proportionately as a result of the reverse stock split. The exercise prices of any outstanding warrants or stock options will also be proportionately adjusted in accordance with the terms of those securities and the Company’s equity incentive plans. The reverse stock split did not affect the number of authorized shares of the Company's common stock or the par value of the common stock. All issued and outstanding common stock, options to purchase common stock, warrants to purchase common stock and per share amounts contained in the consolidated financial statement have been retroactively adjusted to reflect the reverse stock split for all periods presented. (c)Structure of the Company Nuvve has two wholly owned subsidiaries, Nuvve Corp. and Nuvve Pennsylvania LLC. Nuvve Corp. has four wholly owned subsidiaries: (1) Nuvve Denmark ApS, (“Nuvve Denmark”), a company registered in Denmark, (2) Nuvve SaS, a company registered in France, (3) Nuvve KK (Nuvve Japan), a company registered in Japan, and (4) Nuvve LTD, a company registered in United Kingdom. Nuvve Norway, a company registered in Norway is a branch of Nuvve Denmark. On August 4, 2021, the Company formed Levo Mobility LLC, a Delaware limited liability company ("Levo"), with Stonepeak Rocket Holdings LP, a Delaware limited partnership ("Stonepeak"), and Evolve Transition Infrastructure LP, a Delaware limited partnership ("Evolve"). Levo is a consolidated entity of the Company. Please see Note 2 for the principles of consolidation. Levo is a sustainable infrastructure company focused on rapidly advancing the electrification of transportation by funding vehicle-to-grid ("V2G") enabled Electric Vehicle ("EV") fleet deployments. Levo utilizes Nuvve’s V2G technology and conditional capital contribution commitments from Stonepeak and Evolve to offer Fleet-as-a-Service ("FaaS") for school buses, last-mile delivery, ride hailing and ride sharing, municipal services, and more to eliminate the primary barriers to EV fleet adoption including large upfront capital investments and lack of expertise in securing and managing EVs and associated charging infrastructure. Levo's turnkey solution simplifies and streamlines electrification, can lower the total cost of EV operation for fleet owners, and supports the grid when the EVs are not in use. For a fixed monthly payment with no upfront cost, Levo will provide the EVs, such as electric school buses, charging infrastructure powered by Nuvve’s V2G platform, EV and charging station maintenance, energy management, and technical advice. Levo focuses on electrifying school buses, providing associated charging infrastructure, and delivering V2G services to enable safer and healthier transportation for children while supporting carbon dioxide emission reduction, renewable energy integration, and improved grid resiliency.

Revenue Recognition - Schedule of segment activity (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Revenues from External Customers and Long-Lived Assets [Line Items]
Revenues	$ 8,332,162	$ 5,373,383
Long-lived assets	1,968,467	1,978,584
United States
Revenues from External Customers and Long-Lived Assets [Line Items]
Revenues	7,858,583	4,839,561
Long-lived assets	1,741,009	1,795,267
United Kingdom
Revenues from External Customers and Long-Lived Assets [Line Items]
Revenues	33,047	195,550
Long-lived assets	2,894	1,335
Denmark
Revenues from External Customers and Long-Lived Assets [Line Items]
Revenues	440,532	338,272
Long-lived assets	$ 224,564	$ 181,982

- Definition

Amount of revenue recognized from goods sold, services rendered, insurance premiums, or other activities that constitute an earning process. Includes, but is not limited to, investment and interest income before deduction of interest expense when recognized as a component of revenue, and sales and trading gain (loss).

+ References

Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 235
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section S99
-Paragraph 1
-Subparagraph (SX 210.4-08(g)(1)(ii))
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147480678/235-10-S99-1

Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 323
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-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 3
-Subparagraph (c)
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147481687/323-10-50-3

Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
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-Section 50
-Paragraph 28
-Subparagraph (f)
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147482907/825-10-50-28

Reference 4: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
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-Paragraph 2
-Subparagraph (SX 210.5-03(1))
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147483621/220-10-S99-2

Reference 5: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 470
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section S99
-Paragraph 1A
-Subparagraph (SX 210.13-01(a)(4)(i))
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147480097/470-10-S99-1A

Reference 6: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef
-Topic 470
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
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-Paragraph 1A
-Subparagraph (SX 210.13-01(a)(4)(ii))
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147480097/470-10-S99-1A

Reference 7: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
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Reference 8: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
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Reference 9: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
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-Subparagraph (SX 210.13-01(a)(5))
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-URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147480097/470-10-S99-1A

Reference 10: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
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-Subparagraph (SX 210.13-02(a)(4)(i))
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-URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147480097/470-10-S99-1B

Reference 11: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 470
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-Name Accounting Standards Codification
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-Paragraph 1B
-Subparagraph (SX 210.13-02(a)(4)(iii)(A))
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-URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147480097/470-10-S99-1B

Reference 12: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 470
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-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section S99
-Paragraph 1B
-Subparagraph (SX 210.13-02(a)(4)(iii)(B))
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147480097/470-10-S99-1B

Reference 13: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 470
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-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section S99
-Paragraph 1B
-Subparagraph (SX 210.13-02(a)(4)(iv))
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Reference 14: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 470
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Reference 15: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
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-Subparagraph (a)
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-URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147482810/280-10-50-30

Reference 16: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 280
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-Name Accounting Standards Codification
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-Paragraph 42
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147482810/280-10-50-42

Reference 17: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 280
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Reference 18: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 280
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-Name Accounting Standards Codification
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Reference 19: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 280
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Reference 20: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 280
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Reference 21: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 280
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Reference 22: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 280
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-URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147482810/280-10-50-41

Reference 23: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 942
-SubTopic 235
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
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-Paragraph 1
-Subparagraph (SX 210.9-05(b)(2))
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147479557/942-235-S99-1

+ Details

Fair Value Measurements - Schedule of Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Techniques (Details)	Dec. 31, 2023 USD ($) $ / shares	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($) $ / shares	May 17, 2021
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Fair value (in millions)	$ 314,349	$ 580,109
Warrants outstanding, term			10 years
Stonepeak/Evolve Warrants - series C
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Exercise price (in Dollars per share) \| $ / shares	$ 600.00
Stonepeak/Evolve Warrants - series D
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Exercise price (in Dollars per share) \| $ / shares	800.00
Stonepeak/Evolve Warrants - series E
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Exercise price (in Dollars per share) \| $ / shares	1,200
Stonepeak/Evolve Warrants - series F
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Exercise price (in Dollars per share) \| $ / shares	$ 1,600
Level 3: Significant Unobservable Inputs
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Fair value (in millions)	$ 314,349	580,109
Level 3: Significant Unobservable Inputs \| Fair Value, Nonrecurring \| Stonepeak/Evolve Warrants - series C
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Fair value (in millions)	0	$ 0
Warrants outstanding, term		8 years 4 months 24 days
Exercise price (in Dollars per share) \| $ / shares		$ 600.0
Capital expenditure forecast (in millions)	$ 0	$ 125,000,000.0
Level 3: Significant Unobservable Inputs \| Fair Value, Nonrecurring \| Stonepeak/Evolve Warrants - series C \| Risk free rate
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Warrants and right outstanding, measurement input		0.039
Level 3: Significant Unobservable Inputs \| Fair Value, Nonrecurring \| Stonepeak/Evolve Warrants - series C \| Volatility
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Warrants and right outstanding, measurement input		0.560
Level 3: Significant Unobservable Inputs \| Fair Value, Nonrecurring \| Stonepeak/Evolve Warrants - series C \| Probability of warrants vesting
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Warrants and right outstanding, measurement input	0	0
Level 3: Significant Unobservable Inputs \| Fair Value, Nonrecurring \| Stonepeak/Evolve Warrants - series D
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Fair value (in millions)	$ 0	$ 0
Warrants outstanding, term		8 years 4 months 24 days
Exercise price (in Dollars per share) \| $ / shares		$ 800.0
Capital expenditure forecast (in millions)	$ 0	$ 250,000,000.0
Level 3: Significant Unobservable Inputs \| Fair Value, Nonrecurring \| Stonepeak/Evolve Warrants - series D \| Risk free rate
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Warrants and right outstanding, measurement input		0.039
Level 3: Significant Unobservable Inputs \| Fair Value, Nonrecurring \| Stonepeak/Evolve Warrants - series D \| Volatility
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Warrants and right outstanding, measurement input		0.560
Level 3: Significant Unobservable Inputs \| Fair Value, Nonrecurring \| Stonepeak/Evolve Warrants - series D \| Probability of warrants vesting
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Warrants and right outstanding, measurement input	0	0
Level 3: Significant Unobservable Inputs \| Fair Value, Nonrecurring \| Stonepeak/Evolve Warrants - series E
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Fair value (in millions)	$ 0	$ 0
Warrants outstanding, term		8 years 4 months 24 days
Exercise price (in Dollars per share) \| $ / shares		$ 1,200
Capital expenditure forecast (in millions)	$ 0	$ 375,000,000.0
Level 3: Significant Unobservable Inputs \| Fair Value, Nonrecurring \| Stonepeak/Evolve Warrants - series E \| Risk free rate
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Warrants and right outstanding, measurement input		0.039
Level 3: Significant Unobservable Inputs \| Fair Value, Nonrecurring \| Stonepeak/Evolve Warrants - series E \| Volatility
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Warrants and right outstanding, measurement input		0.560
Level 3: Significant Unobservable Inputs \| Fair Value, Nonrecurring \| Stonepeak/Evolve Warrants - series E \| Probability of warrants vesting
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Warrants and right outstanding, measurement input	0	0
Level 3: Significant Unobservable Inputs \| Fair Value, Nonrecurring \| Stonepeak/Evolve Warrants - series F
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Fair value (in millions)	$ 0	$ 0
Warrants outstanding, term		8 years 4 months 24 days
Exercise price (in Dollars per share) \| $ / shares		$ 1,600
Capital expenditure forecast (in millions)	$ 0	$ 500,000,000.0
Level 3: Significant Unobservable Inputs \| Fair Value, Nonrecurring \| Stonepeak/Evolve Warrants - series F \| Risk free rate
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Warrants and right outstanding, measurement input		0.039
Level 3: Significant Unobservable Inputs \| Fair Value, Nonrecurring \| Stonepeak/Evolve Warrants - series F \| Volatility
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Warrants and right outstanding, measurement input		0.560
Level 3: Significant Unobservable Inputs \| Fair Value, Nonrecurring \| Stonepeak/Evolve Warrants - series F \| Probability of warrants vesting
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Warrants and right outstanding, measurement input	0	0

Intangible Assets (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]

Schedule of estimated future amortization expense amortizable intangible assets

Total estimated future amortization expense is as follows:


2024	$	139,437
2025	139,437
2026	137,770
2027	132,770
2028	132,770
Thereafter	520,019
	$	1,202,203

Subsequent Events	12 Months Ended
Subsequent Events	Dec. 31, 2023
Subsequent Events [Abstract]
Subsequent Events	Subsequent Events February 2024 Public Offering On January 31, 2024, the Company entered into an underwriting agreement (the “Underwriting Agreement”) with Craig-Hallum Capital Group LLC (“Craig-Hallum”) regarding an underwritten public offering of its securities (the “Offering”). The Offering was conducted pursuant to our Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed with the SEC, which was declared effective as of January 31, 2024. On February 2, 2024, the Company completed the Offering and received gross proceeds of approximately $9.6 million prior to deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and offering expenses. Craig-Hallum received underwriting discounts and commissions equal to 7.0% of the gross proceeds of the Offering, and is further entitled to receive 7.0% of the gross proceeds received by the Company in connection with the exercise of any of the outstanding Series B Warrants issued in the Offering. As noted above, on January 31, 2024, the Company entered into an Underwriting Agreement regarding the Offering which was comprised of the followings: 1.3,035,000 shares of common stock; 2.1,765,000 pre-funded warrants (“Pre-Funded Warrants”) to purchase shares of common stock; 3.4,800,000 Series A Warrants (“Series A Warrants”) to purchase shares of common stock, with an initial exercise price of $2.00 per share and a term of five years following the issuance date; 4.4,800,000 Series B Warrants (“Series B Warrants”) to purchase shares of common stock with an exercise price of $2.00 per share and a term of nine months following the issuance date; and 5.4,800,000 Series C Warrants (“Series C Warrants”) to purchase shares of common stock with an exercise price of $2.00 per share and a term of five years following the issuance date, subject to early expiration as described below. Each share of common stock and Pre-Funded Warrant issued in the offering was accompanied by a Series A Warrant to purchase one share of common stock, a Series B Warrant to purchase one share of common stock and a Series C Warrant to purchase one share of common stock. The combined price per share of Common Stock and the accompanying Series A Warrant, Series B Warrant and Series C Warrant was $2.00. The combined price per share of each Pre-Funded Warrant and accompanying Series A Warrant, Series B Warrant, and Series C Warrant was equal to $1.9999, and the exercise price of each Pre-Funded warrant is $0.0001 per share. The Series C Warrants may only be exercised to the extent and in proportion to a holder of the Series C Warrants exercising its Series B Warrants, and are subject to an early expiration of nine months, in proportion and only to the extent any Series C Warrants expire unexercised. In addition, Craig-Hallum was granted warrants to purchase up to 480,000 shares of common stock (the “Underwriter Warrants”) at an exercise price of $2.00 per share. The Underwriter Warrants have a term of five years and are immediately exercisable, provided that 240,000 of the shares of common stock underlying the Underwriter Warrants shall only be exercisable pro rata upon the exercise of the Series B Warrants issued in the Offering.

Non-Controlling Interest (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Noncontrolling Interest [Abstract]

Schedule of preferred stock

At December 31, 2023, Series B Preferred Stock consisted of the following:


Shares Authorized	Shares Issued and Outstanding	Stated Value per Share		Initial Carrying Value		Accrued Preferred Dividends		Liquidation Preference
1,000,000	3,138	$	1,000	$	3,138,000	$	612,201	$	3,750,201

Schedule of condensed financial statements

The following table summarizes Levo non-controlling interests presented as a separate component of stockholders’ equity on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets:


	December 31, 2023		December 31, 2022

Beginning Balance	$	(3,950,186)	$	(2,501,633)
Add: net loss attributable to non-controlling interests	$	(12,456)	(538,841)
Less: dividends paid or accrued to non-controlling interests	285,595		263,846
Less: Preferred share accretion adjustment	645,864		645,866
Non-controlling interests	$	(4,894,101)	$	(3,950,186)

Schedule of condensed income statement

The following table summarizes Levo non-controlling interests presented as a separate component of the Company’s consolidated statements of operations:


	December 31, 2023		December 31, 2022


Net loss attributable to non-controlling interests	$	(12,456)	$	(538,841)

Schedule of redeemable noncontrolling interest

Redeemable Non-controlling Interest Reconciliation — Mezzanine Equity


	December 31, 2023		December 31, 2022
Beginning balance	$	3,547,765	$	2,901,899




Preferred share accretion adjustment	645,864		645,866
Ending balance	$	4,193,629	$	3,547,765

Schedule of black-scholes option pricing model to estimate the fair value of stock options

The following assumptions were used in the Black-Scholes option pricing model to calculate the fair value of stock options granted for the year ended December 31, 2023 the 2020 Plan.


	2020 Plan
Expected life of options (in years) (1)	7.0
Dividend yield (2)	0	%
Risk-free interest rate (3)	4.61	%
Volatility (4)	79.6	%

__________________

(1)The expected life of options is the average of the contractual term of the options and the vesting period.

(2)No cash dividends have been declared on the Company’s common stock since the Company’s inception, and the Company currently does not anticipate declaring or paying cash dividends over the expected life of the options.

(3)The risk-free interest rate is based on the yields on U.S. Treasury debt securities with maturities approximating the estimated life of the options.

(4)Volatility is estimated by management. As the Company has been a private company for most of its existence, there is not enough historical volatility data related to the Company’s Common stock as a public entity. Therefore, this estimate is based on the average volatility of certain public company peers within the Company’s industry.

The following assumptions were used in the Monte Carlo Simulation model to calculate the fair value of Class D Incentive Units granted for the year ended December 31, 2023.


	Class D Units
Expected life of Class D Incentive Units (in years) (1)	5.5

Risk-free interest rate (2)	3.02	%
Volatility (3)	69.50	%

__________________

(1)The expected life of options is the average of the contractual term of the Class D Incentive Units and the vesting period.

(2)The risk-free interest rate is based on the yields on U.S. Treasury debt securities with maturities approximating the estimated life of the options.

(3)Volatility is estimated by management. As the Company has been a private company for most of its existence, there is not enough historical volatility data related to the Company’s Common stock as a public entity. Therefore, this estimate is based on the average volatility of certain public company peers within the Company’s industry.

Schedule of stock option activity

The following is a summary of the stock option activity under the 2010 Plan for the year ended December 31, 2023:


	Shares	Weighted- Average Exercise Price per Share($)	Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Term (Years)	Aggregate Intrinsic Value($)
Outstanding - December 31, 2022	21,338	116.40	5.70	—
Granted	—	—	—	—
Exercised	—	—	—	—
Forfeited	(210)	278.80	—	—
Expired/Cancelled	(2,013)	213.52	—	—
Outstanding - December 31, 2023	19,115	102.75	3.53	—

Options Exercisable at December 31, 2023	19,062	102.10	3.52	—
Option Vested at December 31, 2023	19,062	102.10	3.52	—

The following is a summary of the stock option activity under the 2020 Plan for the year ended December 31, 2023:


	Shares	Weighted- Average Exercise Price per Share ($)	Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Term (Years)	Aggregate Intrinsic Value($)
Outstanding - December 31, 2022	42,778	468.40	8.46	—
Granted	18,020	9.07	5.73	—
Exercised	—	—	—	—
Forfeited	(2,191)	152.20	—	—
Expired/Cancelled	(715)	357.85	—	—
Outstanding - December 31, 2023	57,892	338.67	7.91	—

Options Exercisable at December 31, 2023	27,565	469.58	7.53	—
Option Vested at December 31, 2023	27,565	469.58	7.53	—

A summary of the status of the Company’s Class D Incentive Units as of December 31, 2022, and changes during year ended December 31, 2023, is presented below:


	Shares	Weighted- Average Grant Date Fair Value($)
Nonvested at December 31, 2022	250,000	13.28
Granted	—	—
Vested	—	—
Cancelled (1)	200,000	12.49
Nonvested and Outstanding at December 31, 2023	50,000	12.49

(1) Cancelled units represents unvested units granted to cliff vest on the grant anniversary date. However, the employees were terminated before the grant date anniversary. As a result, the previously recognized expenses of $421,371 was reversed.

- Definition

Tabular disclosure of an entity's stock, including par or stated value per share, number and dollar amount of share subscriptions, shares authorized, shares issued, shares outstanding, number and dollar amount of shares held in an employee trust, dividend per share, total dividends, share conversion features, par value plus additional paid in capital, the value of treasury stock and other information necessary to a fair presentation, and EPS information. Stock by class includes common, convertible, and preferred stocks which are not redeemable or redeemable solely at the option of the issuer. Includes preferred stock with redemption features that are solely within the control of the issuer and mandatorily redeemable stock if redemption is required to occur only upon liquidation or termination of the reporting entity. If more than one issue is outstanding, state the title of each issue and the corresponding dollar amount; dollar amount of any shares subscribed but unissued and the deduction of subscriptions receivable there from; number of shares authorized, issued, and outstanding.

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+ Details

Income Taxes - Deferred Tax Assets (Liabilities) (Details) - USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]
Equity investment	$ (467,463)	$ (489,911)
Accrued liabilities and other	3,300,936	1,118,256
Right-of-use assets	(1,261,194)	(1,246,870)
Lease liabilities	1,434,002	1,389,893
Research and experimental expenditures	2,689,390	1,507,144
Net operating losses	21,654,440	15,772,670
Net deferred tax assets (liabilities) before valuation allowance	27,350,111	18,051,182
Valuation allowance	(27,350,111)	(18,051,182)
Net deferred tax assets (liabilities)	$ 0	$ 0

Non-Controlling Interest - Series B Preferred Stock (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Noncontrolling Interest [Line Items]
Temporary equity, shares authorized (in Shares)	1,000,000	1,000,000
Temporary equity, shares outstanding (in Shares)	3,138	3,138
Temporary equity, shares issued (in Shares)	3,138	3,138
Temporary equity, par value (in Dollars per share)	$ 0	$ 0
Temporary equity, liquidation preference	$ 3,750,201	$ 3,464,606
Series B Preferred Stock \| Levo Mobility LLC
Noncontrolling Interest [Line Items]
Temporary equity, shares authorized (in Shares)	1,000,000
Temporary equity, shares outstanding (in Shares)	3,138
Temporary equity, shares issued (in Shares)	3,138
Temporary equity, par value (in Dollars per share)	$ 1,000
Redeemable noncontrolling interest, equity, fair value	$ 3,138,000
Temporary equity, accretion of dividends	612,201
Temporary equity, liquidation preference	$ 3,750,201

Leases

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Leases [Abstract]

Leases

The Company has entered into leases for commercial office spaces and vehicles. These leases are not unilaterally cancellable by the Company, are legally enforceable, and specify fixed or minimum amounts. The leases expire at various dates through 2031 and provide for renewal options. In the normal course of business, it is expected that these leases will be renewed or replaced by leases on other properties.

The leases provide for increases in future minimum annual rental payments based on defined increases in the Consumer Price Index, subject to certain minimum increases. Also, the agreements generally require the Company to pay real estate taxes, insurance, and repairs.

Supplemental consolidated balance sheet information related to leases is as follows:


	Classification	December 31, 2023		December 31, 2022

Operating lease assets	Right-of-use operating lease assets	$	4,839,526	$	5,305,881
Finance lease assets	Property and equipment, net	13,154		18,467
Total lease assets		$	4,852,680	$	5,324,348

Operating lease liabilities - current	Operating lease liabilities - current	$	856,250	824,326
Operating lease liabilities - noncurrent	Operating lease liabilities - noncurrent	4,646,383		5,090,170
Finance lease liabilities - current	Other liabilities - current	7,391		7,184
Finance lease liabilities - noncurrent	Other long-term liabilities	7,764		12,959
Total lease liabilities		$	5,517,788	$	5,934,639

The components of lease expense are as follows:


		Year Ended December 31,		Year Ended December 31,
	Classification	2023		2022

Operating lease expense	Selling, general and administrative	$	914,533	$	811,082
Finance lease expense:
Amortization of finance lease assets	Selling, general and administrative	5,779		5,594
Interest on finance lease liabilities	Interest income, net	1,801		2,248
Total lease expense		$	922,113	$	818,924


	Operating Lease		Finance Lease
Maturities of lease liabilities are as follows:	December 31, 2023		December 31, 2023
2024	$	892,212	$	7,391
2025	893,046		7,391
2026	921,273		1,848
2027	946,683		—
2028	937,727		—
Thereafter	2,861,204		—
Total lease payments	7,452,145		16,630
Less: interest	(1,949,512)		(1,475)
Total lease liabilities	$	5,502,633	$	15,155

Lease term and discount rate:


	December 31, 2023	December 31, 2022
Weighted-average remaining lease terms (in years):
Operating lease	7.8	9.0
Finance lease	2.5	3.3

Weighted-average discount rate:
Operating lease	7.8%	7.8%
Finance lease	7.8%	7.8%

Other Information:


	Years Ended December 31,		Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities:
Operating cash flows from operating leases	$	476,208	$	202,844
Operating cash flows from finance leases related to interest expense	$	1,801	$	2,248
Financing cash flows from finance leases	$	8,140	$	9,691

Leased assets obtained in exchange for new finance lease liabilities	$	13,154	$	18,467
Leased assets obtained in exchange for new operating lease liabilities	$	—	$	—

Sublease

In April 2022, the Company entered into a sublease agreement with certain local San Diego companies to sublease a portion of the Company's 4,811 square foot expansion. The term of the sublease is six months to twelve months with fixed base rental income ranging from $2,250 to $14,500 per month. The sublease has no option for renewal or extension at the end of the sublease term.

Sublease income are as follows:


		Year Ended December 31,		Year Ended December 31,
	Classification	2023		2022
Sublease income	Other, net	$	466,888	$	143,192

Lessor

In 2022, the Company entered into a 10 year master services agreement ("MSA") with a certain school district for FaaS to electrify their school bus fleet. A statement of work (“SOW”) for engineering, procurement and construction ("EPC") was also executed in conjunction with the MSA. As part of this SOW, the Company will provide electric vehicle supply equipment ("EVSE") and related warranties, infrastructure engineering and construction, installation of EVSE, and subscription services to Nuvve’s V2G GIVe platform. The MSA has both lease and non-lease components. The lease component is the EVSE and non-lease components are the EPCs. The Company accounted for the lease components as a sale-type lease with the investment in lease of $112,255 and $97,054 at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Lease income are as follows:


		Year Ended December 31,		Year Ended December 31,
	Classification	2023		2022
Lease income	Products	$	24,027	$	99,981
Interest income	Products	13,987		3,341
Total lease income		$	38,014	$	103,322

Leases

Supplemental consolidated balance sheet information related to leases is as follows:


	Classification	December 31, 2023		December 31, 2022

Operating lease assets	Right-of-use operating lease assets	$	4,839,526	$	5,305,881
Finance lease assets	Property and equipment, net	13,154		18,467
Total lease assets		$	4,852,680	$	5,324,348

Operating lease liabilities - current	Operating lease liabilities - current	$	856,250	824,326
Operating lease liabilities - noncurrent	Operating lease liabilities - noncurrent	4,646,383		5,090,170
Finance lease liabilities - current	Other liabilities - current	7,391		7,184
Finance lease liabilities - noncurrent	Other long-term liabilities	7,764		12,959
Total lease liabilities		$	5,517,788	$	5,934,639

The components of lease expense are as follows:


		Year Ended December 31,		Year Ended December 31,
	Classification	2023		2022

Operating lease expense	Selling, general and administrative	$	914,533	$	811,082
Finance lease expense:
Amortization of finance lease assets	Selling, general and administrative	5,779		5,594
Interest on finance lease liabilities	Interest income, net	1,801		2,248
Total lease expense		$	922,113	$	818,924


	Operating Lease		Finance Lease
Maturities of lease liabilities are as follows:	December 31, 2023		December 31, 2023
2024	$	892,212	$	7,391
2025	893,046		7,391
2026	921,273		1,848
2027	946,683		—
2028	937,727		—
Thereafter	2,861,204		—
Total lease payments	7,452,145		16,630
Less: interest	(1,949,512)		(1,475)
Total lease liabilities	$	5,502,633	$	15,155

Lease term and discount rate:


	December 31, 2023	December 31, 2022
Weighted-average remaining lease terms (in years):
Operating lease	7.8	9.0
Finance lease	2.5	3.3

Weighted-average discount rate:
Operating lease	7.8%	7.8%
Finance lease	7.8%	7.8%

Other Information:


	Years Ended December 31,		Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities:
Operating cash flows from operating leases	$	476,208	$	202,844
Operating cash flows from finance leases related to interest expense	$	1,801	$	2,248
Financing cash flows from finance leases	$	8,140	$	9,691

Leased assets obtained in exchange for new finance lease liabilities	$	13,154	$	18,467
Leased assets obtained in exchange for new operating lease liabilities	$	—	$	—

Sublease

Sublease income are as follows:


		Year Ended December 31,		Year Ended December 31,
	Classification	2023		2022
Sublease income	Other, net	$	466,888	$	143,192

Lessor

Lease income are as follows:


		Year Ended December 31,		Year Ended December 31,
	Classification	2023		2022
Lease income	Products	$	24,027	$	99,981
Interest income	Products	13,987		3,341
Total lease income		$	38,014	$	103,322

Net Loss Per Share Attributable to Common Stockholders - Schedule of Net Loss Per Share Attributable to Common Stockholders (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Earnings Per Share [Abstract]
Net loss attributable to Nuvve Holding Corp. common stockholders, basic	$ (32,215,790)	$ (24,928,377)
Net loss attributable to Nuvve Holding Corp. common stockholders, diluted	$ (32,215,790)	$ (24,928,377)
Weighted-average shares used in computing net loss per share attributable to Nuvve Holding Corp. common stockholders, basic (in Shares)	798,269	524,297
Weighted-average shares used in computing net loss per share attributable to Nuvve Holding Corp. common stockholders, diluted (in Shares)	798,269	524,297
Net loss per share attributable to Nuvve Holding Corp. common stockholders, basic (in Dollars per share)	$ (40.36)	$ (47.55)
Net loss per share attributable to Nuvve Holding Corp. common stockholders, diluted (in Dollars per share)	$ (40.36)	$ (47.55)

- Definition

The amount of net income (loss) for the period per each share of common stock or unit outstanding during the reporting period.

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- Definition

The amount of net income (loss) for the period available to each share of common stock or common unit outstanding during the reporting period and to each share or unit that would have been outstanding assuming the issuance of common shares or units for all dilutive potential common shares or units outstanding during the reporting period.

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- Definition

Amount, after deduction of tax, noncontrolling interests, dividends on preferred stock and participating securities; of income (loss) available to common shareholders.

+ References

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+ Details

- Definition

Amount, after deduction of tax, noncontrolling interests, dividends on preferred stock and participating securities, and addition from assumption of issuance of common shares for dilutive potential common shares; of income (loss) available to common shareholders.

+ References + Details

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

(a)Basis of Presentation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”).

The Company has reclassified certain prior period amounts to conform to the current year presentation.

In accordance with the related Going Concern accounting standards, the Company has evaluated whether there are conditions and events, considered in the aggregate, that raise substantial doubt about its ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the consolidated financial statements are issued. Since inception, the Company has incurred recurring losses and negative cash flows from operations and has an accumulated deficit of $148.2 million and $117.0 million as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. During the years ended December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company incurred an operating loss of $32.1 million and $36.9 million, respectively, and used $21.3 million and $34.1 million, respectively, of cash in operations. The Company continues to expect to generate operating losses and negative cash flows and will need additional funding to support its planned operating activities through profitability. The transition to profitability is dependent upon the successful expanded commercialization of the Company's GIVe platform and the achievement of a level of revenues adequate to support its cost structure.

Management plans to fund current operations through increased revenues and raising additional capital. Management's expectations with respect to the Company’s ability to fund current planned operations is based on estimates that are subject to risks and uncertainties. There is an inherent risk that the Company may not achieve such financial projections and if so, cash outflows could be higher than currently anticipated. However, as such plans are not solely within management’s control management cannot conclude as of the date of this filing that the plans are probable of being successfully implemented and as such has concluded that substantial doubt exists about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern for twelve months from the date of issuance of our financial statements.

The consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments relating to the recoverability and classification of recorded asset amounts or the amounts and classification of liabilities that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.

(b)Principles of Consolidation

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts and operations of the Company, its wholly owned subsidiaries and its consolidated variable interest entity. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated upon consolidation.

Variable Interest Entities

Pursuant to the consolidation guidance, the Company first evaluates whether it holds a variable interest in an entity in which it has a financial relationship and, if so, whether or not that entity is a variable interest entity ("VIE"). A VIE is an entity with insufficient equity at risk for the entity to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support or in which equity investors at risk lack the characteristics of a controlling financial interest. If an entity is determined to be a VIE, the Company evaluates whether the Company is the primary beneficiary. The primary beneficiary analysis is a qualitative analysis based on power and economics. The Company concludes that it is the primary beneficiary and consolidates the VIE if the Company has both (i) the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly influence the VIE's economic performance, and (ii) the obligation to absorb losses of, or the right to receive benefits from, the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE.

The Company formed Levo with Stonepeak and Evolve, in which the Company owns 51% of Levo's common units. The Company has determined that Levo is a VIE in which the Company is the primary beneficiary. Accordingly, the Company consolidates Levo and records a non-controlling interest for the share of the entity owned by Stonepeak and Evolve.

Assets and Liabilities of Consolidated VIEs

The Company's consolidated financial statements include the assets, liabilities and results of operations of VIEs for which the Company is the primary beneficiary. The other equity holders’ interests are reflected in "Net loss attributable to non-controlling interests" in the consolidated statements of operations and "Non-controlling interests" in the consolidated balance sheets. See Note 18 for details of non-controlling interests.

The creditors of the consolidated VIE do not have recourse to the Company other than to the assets of the consolidated VIEs. The following table summarizes the carrying amounts of Levo assets and liabilities included in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets:


	December 31, 2023		December 31, 2022
Assets

Cash	$	27,337	$	27,629




Prepaid expenses and other current assets	1,363		59,794








Total Assets	$	28,700	$	87,423

Liabilities

Accounts payable	$	8,380	$	8,165
Accrued expenses and dividend payable	620,421		$	336,713






Derivative liability - non-controlling redeemable preferred shares	309,728		359,225

Total Liabilities	$	938,529	$	704,103

(c)Redeemable Non-Controlling Interest - Mezzanine Equity

Redeemable non-controlling interest represents the shares of the preferred stock issued by Levo to Stonepeak and Evolve (the "preferred shareholders"), who own 49% of Levo common units. The preferred stock is not mandatorily redeemable or currently redeemable, but it could be redeemable with the passage of time at the election of Levo, the preferred shareholders or a trigger event as defined in the preferred stock agreement. As a result of the contingent put right available to the preferred shareholders, the redeemable non-controlling interests in Levo are classified as mezzanine equity in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets as mezzanine equity. The initial carrying value of the redeemable non-controlling interest is reported at the initial proceeds received on issuance date, reduced by the fair value of embedded derivatives resulting in an adjusted initial carrying value. The adjusted initial carrying value is further adjusted for the accretion of the difference with the redemption price value using the effective interest method. The accretion amount is a deemed dividend recorded against retained earnings or, in its absence, to additional-paid-in-capital. The carrying amount of the redeemable non-controlling interest is measured at the higher of the carrying amount adjusted each reporting period for income (or loss) attributable to the non-controlling interest, or the carrying amount adjusted each reporting period by the accretion amount. See Note 18 for details.

(d)Non-controlling interests

The Company presents non-controlling interests as a component of equity on its consolidated balance sheets and reports the portion of its earnings or loss for non-controlling interest as net earnings or loss attributable to non-controlling interests in the consolidated statements of operations.

(e)Profits Interests Units (Class D Incentive Units)

Class D Incentive Units are issued by Levo to certain key employees in the form of profits interests within the meaning of the Internal Revenue Service (“Profits Interests”). Any future distributions under the Profits Interests will only occur once distributions made to all other member units exceed a threshold amount. The Company performed an analysis of the key features of the Profits Interests to determine whether the nature of the Profits Interests are (a) an equity award which should be accounted for under ASC 718, Compensation – Stock Compensation or (b) a bonus arrangement which should be accounted for under ASC 710, Compensation – General. Based on the features of the Profits Interests, the awards are considered stock compensation to be accounted for as equity. Accordingly, compensation expense for the Profits Interests will be recognized over the vesting period of the awards.

(f)Emerging Growth Company

Section 102(b)(1) of the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012 (the “JOBS Act”) permits emerging growth companies (“EGC”) to delay adoption of new or revised financial accounting standards that do not yet apply to private companies (that is, those that have not had a Securities Act registration statement declared effective or do not have a class of securities registered under the Exchange Act). The Company qualifies as an EGC. The JOBS Act provides that an EGC can elect to opt-out of the extended transition period and comply with the requirements that apply to non-EGCs, but any such election to opt-out is irrevocable. The Company has elected not to opt-out of such an extended transition period, which means that when a standard is issued or revised and it has different application dates for public or private companies, the Company, as an EGC, can adopt the new or revised standard at the time private companies adopt the new or revised standard. This different adoption timing may make a comparison of the Company’s financial statements with another public company which is neither an EGC nor an EGC that has opted out of using the extended transition period difficult or impossible because of the potential differences in accounting standards used.

(g)Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that may affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Significant estimates and assumptions made by management include the impairment of intangible assets, the net realizable value of inventory, the fair value of share-based payments, lease incremental borrowing rate, derivative liability associated with redeemable preferred shares, revenue recognition, the fair value of warrants, annual bonus accrual, and the recognition and disclosure of contingent liabilities.

Management evaluates its estimates on an ongoing basis. Actual results could materially vary from those estimates.

(h)Warrants

The Company reviews the terms of warrants to purchase its common stock to determine whether warrants should be classified as liabilities or stockholders’ equity in its consolidated balance sheet. In order for a warrant to be classified in stockholders’ equity, the warrant must be (a) indexed to the Company’s equity and (b) meet the conditions for equity classification in Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Subtopic 815-40, Derivatives and Hedging – Contracts in an Entity’s Own Equity. If a warrant does not meet the conditions for equity classification, it is carried on the consolidated balance sheet as a warrant liability measured at fair value, with subsequent changes in the fair value of the warrant recorded in the statement of operations as change in fair value of warrants in other income (expense). If a warrant meets both conditions for equity classification, the warrant is initially recorded in additional paid-in capital on the consolidated balance sheets, and the amount initially recorded is not subsequently remeasured at fair value.

(i)Foreign Currency Matters

For Nuvve Corp., Nuvve SaS, and Nuvve LTD, the functional currency is the U.S. dollar. All local foreign currency asset and liability amounts are remeasured into U.S. dollars at balance sheet date exchange rates, except for inventories, prepaid expenses, and property, plant, and equipment, which are remeasured at historical rates. Foreign currency revenue and expenses are remeasured at average exchange rates in effect during the year, except for expenses related to balance sheet amounts which are remeasured at historical exchange rates. Transaction gains and losses that arise from exchange rate fluctuations on transactions denominated in a currency other than the functional currency are included in other income (expense) in the consolidated statements of operations.

The financial position and results of operations of the Company’s non-U.S. dollar functional currency subsidiary, Nuvve Denmark, are measured using the subsidiary’s local currency as the functional currency. The Company translates the assets and liabilities of Nuvve Denmark into U.S. dollars using exchange rates in effect at the balance sheet date. Revenues and expenses for the subsidiary are translated using rates that approximate those in effect during the period. The resulting translation gain and loss adjustments are reflected as a foreign currency translation adjustment in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) within stockholders’ equity in the consolidated balance sheets. Foreign currency translation adjustments are included in other comprehensive income in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

(j)Cash and Restricted Cash

The Company maintains cash balances that can, at times, exceed amounts insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, which is up to $250,000. The Company has not experienced any losses in these accounts and believes it is not exposed to any significant credit risk in this area. In connection with a new office lease agreement, the Company was required to provide irrevocable, unconditional letter of credit to the landlord upon execution of the lease. The total amount securing the letter of credit and recorded as restricted cash as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 was $480,000.

(k)Accounts Receivable

Accounts receivable consist primarily of payments due from customers under the Company’s contracts with customers. The Company performs ongoing credit evaluations of customers to assess the probability of accounts receivable collection based on a number of factors, including past transaction experience with the customer, assessment of their credit history, and review of the invoicing terms of the contract. The Company maintains an allowance for credit losses on customer accounts when deemed necessary. Based on the analysis, the Company recorded an allowance for credit losses as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022. See Note 7 for details.

(l)Concentrations of Credit Risk

At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the financial instruments which potentially expose the Company to concentration of credit risk consist of cash in financial institutions (in excess of federally insured limits) and trade receivables.

The Company had certain customers whose revenue individually represented 10% or more of the Company’s total revenue, or whose accounts receivable balances individually represented 10% or more of the Company’s total accounts receivable, as follows:

For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, three customers accounted for 30.3%, and one customer accounted for 32.1% of total revenue, respectively.

During the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company's top five customers accounted for approximately 38.9% and 54.7%, respectively, of the Company’s total revenue.

At December 31, 2023, three customers in aggregate accounted for 60.9% of accounts receivable. At December 31, 2022, three customers in aggregate accounted for 40.6% of accounts receivable.

Approximately 74.0% and 53.6% of the Company’s trade accounts receivable balance was with five customers at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The Company estimates its maximum credit risk for accounts receivable at the amount recorded on the balance sheet. The trade accounts receivables are generally short-term and all potential credit losses have been appropriately considered in establishing the allowance for doubtful accounts.

(m)Inventories

Inventories, consisting primarily of DC chargers, are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value. The Company values its inventories using the first-in, first-out method. Cost includes purchased products. Net realizable value is based on current selling prices less costs of disposal. At December 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022, the Company’s inventories consisted solely of finished goods and components parts, including school buses added as of December 31, 2022, which the Company sold during the year ended December 31, 2023. Should demand for the Company’s products prove to be significantly less than anticipated, the ultimate realizable value of the Company’s inventories could be substantially less than the amount shown on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.

(n)Property and Equipment, Net

Property and equipment are carried at cost less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is calculated on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the respective asset. Maintenance and repairs are expensed as incurred while betterments are capitalized. Upon sale or disposition of assets, any gain or loss is included in the consolidated statement of operations.

(o)Intangible Assets

Intangible assets consist of patents which are amortized over the period of estimated benefit using the straight-line method. No significant residual value is estimated for intangible assets.

(p)Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

The Company evaluates long-lived assets for impairment, including evaluating the useful lives for amortizing intangible assets, whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of an asset may not be recoverable. If the estimated future cash flows (undiscounted and without interest charges) from the use of an asset are less than the carrying value, a write-down would be recorded to reduce the related asset to its estimated fair value. There were no such write-downs for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.

(q)Investments in Equity Securities Without Readily Determinable Fair Values

Investments in equity securities of nonpublic entities without readily determinable fair values are carried at cost minus impairment, if any, plus or minus changes resulting from observable price changes in orderly transactions for the identical or a similar investment of the same issuer. The Company reviews its equity securities without readily determinable fair values on a regular basis to determine if the investment is impaired. For purposes of this assessment, the Company considers the investee’s cash position, earnings and revenue outlook, liquidity, and management ownership, among other factors, in its review. If management’s assessment indicates that an impairment exists, the Company estimates the fair value of the equity investment and recognizes in current earnings an impairment loss that is equal to the difference between the fair value of the equity investment and its carrying amount.

In February 2019, the Company invested in common shares of Dreev SaS, (“Dreev”). Dreev is a nonpublic entity, for which there is no readily determinable fair value. As of December 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022, the Company’s investment in Dreev was accounted for as an investment in equity securities without a readily determinable fair value. The Company did not recognize an impairment loss on its investment during the year ended December 31, 2023 or the year ended December 31, 2022.

(r)Employee Savings Plan

The Company maintains a savings plan on behalf of its employees that qualifies under Section 401(k) of the Internal Revenue Code. Participating employees may contribute up to the statutory limits. For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company did not contribute to the savings plan.

(s)Fair Value Measurement

The Company’s financial instruments consist principally of cash, accounts receivable, accounts payable, accrued expenses, and warrants. Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. In determining fair value, the Company utilizes valuation techniques that maximize the use of observable inputs and minimizes the use of unobservable inputs to the extent possible. The Company also considers counterparty risk and its own credit risk in its assessment of fair value.

The categorization of financial instruments within the valuation hierarchy is based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The inputs used to measure fair value are prioritized based on a three-level hierarchy. The three levels of inputs used to measure fair value are defined as follows:

•Level 1 – Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

•Level 2 – Other inputs that are observable directly or indirectly, such as quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities or market corroborated inputs.

•Level 3 – Unobservable inputs are used when little or no market data is available, which requires the Company to develop its own assumptions about how market participants would value the assets or liabilities.

(t)Net Loss Per Share Attributable to Common Stockholders

The Company’s basic net loss per share attributable to common stockholders is calculated by dividing the net loss attributable to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding for the period.

The computation of net loss attributable to common stockholders is computed by deducting net earnings or loss attributable to non-controlling interests, preferred dividends on redeemable non-controlling interest, and accretion on preferred shares on redeemable non-controlling interest from the consolidated net earnings or loss (Note 14).

(u)Revenue Recognition

The Company recognizes revenue in accordance with the way that depicts the transfer of control of promised products or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled in exchange for those products or services. The Company enters into contracts that can include various combinations of products and services, which are generally distinct and accounted for as separate performance obligations. Revenue is recognized net of allowances for credits and any taxes collected from customers, which are subsequently remitted to governmental authorities.

The Company recognizes revenue through the following steps:

•Identification of the contract, or contracts, with a customer;

•Identification of the performance obligations in the contract;

•Determination of the transaction price;

•Allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and

•Recognition of revenue when, or as, the Company satisfies a performance obligation.

The Company’s revenue is primarily derived from sales of EV charging stations, school buses, fees for cloud computing services related to providing access to the Company’s GIVe platform, and fees for extended warranty and maintenance services. The Company also has performed certain software development services and received government grants. GIVe platform access is considered a monthly series comprised of one performance obligation and fees are recognized as revenue in the period the services are provided to and consumed by the customer. The transaction price for each contract is allocated between the identified performance obligations based on relative estimated standalone selling prices.

The Company occasionally enters into contracts with customers in which EV charging stations are sold at a discount in exchange for a higher percentage of revenue share from the customer selling energy through the GIVe platform or from carbon credits. Due to the long-term nature of these payment terms, certain contracts are considered to have significant financing components as it relates to the equipment. The Company estimates the effect of any significant financing component and records the revenue associated with the EV charging stations at the estimated present value of the expected stream of payments. As payments are received, the difference between the total payment and the amortized value of the receivable is recorded to interest income in Other income (expense) in the consolidated statements of operations using the effective yield method.

Products – The Company sells EV charging stations either on a standalone basis or together with services such as access to the GIVe platform, extended warranty and maintenance services. When the sale of charging station is a distinct performance obligation, revenue is recognized upon delivery. For other customer contracts, the charging stations are sold as part of a solution and are not distinct from the services, and revenue from the charging station is recognized upon completion of installation and commissioning of the equipment.

Services – Specific contracts contain licenses to the software that provides the V2G functionality for one- to twelve-year contract periods through access to the Company’s software as a service GIVe platform application. The Company determined that the nature of the GIVe application performance obligation is providing continuous access to its GIVe application for the contract period. Although the activities that the customer may be able to perform via the GIVe application may vary from day to day, the overall promise is to provide continuous access to the GIVe application to the customer for a period of one- to twelve years. Thus, access to the GIVe application represents a series of distinct services that are substantially the same and have the same pattern of transfer to the customer, and the Company has determined that for GIVe SaaS revenue, the best indicator for the transfer of control is the passage of time. The payment terms for some of the Company’s service contracts include revenue sharing arrangements whereby the Company is entitled to the right to receive a portion of the revenue generated by the customer selling energy through the GIVe platform or from carbon credits received as a result of the customer using the GIVe platform. Revenue is recognized as it is received.

The Company has entered into various agreements for research and development and software development services. The terms of these arrangements typically include terms whereby the Company receives milestone payments in accordance with the scope of services outlined in the respective agreement or is reimbursed for allowable costs. At the inception of each arrangement that includes milestone payments, the Company evaluates whether a significant reversal of cumulative revenue associated with achieving the milestones is probable and estimates the amount to be included in the transaction price using the most likely amount method. If it is probable that a significant reversal of cumulative revenue would not occur, the associated milestone value is included in the transaction price. The Company applies judgment in evaluating factors such as the scientific, regulatory, commercial, and other risks that must be overcome to achieve a particular milestone in making this assessment. At the end of each subsequent reporting period, the Company reevaluates the probability of achievement of all milestones subject to constraint and, if necessary, adjusts its estimate of the overall transaction price. Any such adjustments are recorded on a cumulative catch-up basis, which would affect revenues and earnings in the period of adjustment. Revenue arising from reimbursed allowable costs are recognized as the costs are submitted and approved by the applicable agency.

The Company occasionally sells extended warranty contracts on the charging stations, which includes maintenance of the equipment for a period (e.g., three years, five years, 10 years, 12 years). The warranty provides the customer with assurance that the product will function as intended for the period of the contract and maintenance services related to the equipment. Since the warranty provides a customer with a service in addition to the assurance that the product complies with agreed-upon specifications, the promised service is a performance obligation. Access to the warranty services represent a series of distinct services that are substantially the same and have the same pattern of transfer to the customer, and the Company recognizes warranty revenue ratably with the passage of time.

Revenue for certain service contracts, such as third party installation, is recognized on gross basis over time using an input method where progress on the performance obligation is measured based on the proportional actual costs incurred to date relative to the total costs expected to be required to satisfy the performance obligation.

Bill-and-hold arrangements - The Company occasionally enters into bill and hold arrangements in which some customers request that billed products that are ready for delivery be held at the Company's warehouse facility for them until shipment at a later date. In this instance, revenue is recognized when; 1) the risks of ownership, including title, have passed to the customer, 2) the product must be identified separately as belonging to the customer, 3) the product currently must be ready for physical transfer to the customer, and 4) the Company does not have the ability to use the product or to direct it to another customer.

Grant revenue – The Company has concluded that grants are not within the scope of ASC 606, as government entities do not meet the definition of a “customer” as defined by ASC 606, and as for the grants, there is not considered to be a transfer of control of goods or services to the government entity funding the grant. Additionally, the Company has concluded these government grants meet the definition of a contribution and are non-reciprocal transactions; however, ASC Subtopic 958-605, Not-for-Profit-Entities-Revenue Recognition, does not apply, as the Company is a business entity, and the grants are with a governmental agency.

Revenues from each grant are based upon internal costs incurred that are specifically covered by the grant. Revenue is recognized as the Company incurs expenses that are related to the grant. The Company believes this policy is consistent with the overarching premise in ASC 606, to ensure that it recognizes revenues to reflect the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which it expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services, even though there is no “exchange” as defined in the ASC. The Company believes the recognition of revenue as costs are incurred and amounts become earned/realizable is analogous to the concept of transfer of control of a service over time under ASC 606.

The Company considers contract modifications to exist when the modification either creates new or makes changes to the existing enforceable rights and obligations. Contract modifications for services that are not distinct from the existing contract are accounted for as if they were part of that existing contract. In these cases, the effect of the contract modification on the transaction price and the measure of progress for the performance obligation to which it relates are recognized as an adjustment to revenue (either as an increase in or a reduction of revenue) on a cumulative catch-up basis. Contract modifications for goods or services that are considered distinct from the existing contract are accounted for as separate contracts.

The Company’s contract liabilities consist solely of deferred revenue related to amounts billed or received in advance of services or products delivered.

(v)Cost of Revenue

Cost of revenue consists primarily of costs of material, including hardware and software costs, and costs of providing services, including employee compensation and other costs associated with supporting these functions. Cost of revenue does not include depreciation and amortization costs.

(w)Contract Costs

Under ASC Subtopic 340-40, Other Assets and Deferred Costs—Contracts with Customers (“ASC 340-40”), the Company defers all incremental costs, including commissions, and costs incurred to obtain or to perform contracts, and amortizes these costs over the expected period of benefit which is generally the life of the contract. The Company evaluated incremental contract costs for contracts in place as of December 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022 and determined that these costs are recoverable.

(x)Income Taxes

The Company accounts for income taxes under the asset and liability method in accordance with ASC Topic 740, Income Taxes, (“ASC 740”), under which it recognizes deferred income taxes, net of valuation allowances, for net operating losses, tax credit carryforwards, and the estimated future tax effects of temporary differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date.

The Company evaluates its deferred tax assets quarterly to determine if a valuation allowance is required and considers whether a valuation allowance should be recorded against deferred tax assets based on the likelihood that the benefits of the deferred tax assets will or will not ultimately be realized in future periods. In making this assessment, significant weight is given to evidence that can be objectively verified, such as recent operating results, and less consideration is given to less objective indicators, such as future income projections. After consideration of positive and negative evidence, if the Company determines that it is not

more likely than not that it will generate future income sufficient to realize its deferred tax assets, the Company will record a reduction in the valuation allowance.

The Company applies certain provisions of ASC 740, which includes a two-step approach to recognizing and measuring uncertain tax positions. The first step is to evaluate the tax position for recognition by determining if the weight of available evidence indicates it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained on audit, including resolution of related appeals or litigation processes, if any. The second step is to measure the tax benefit or obligation as the largest amount that is more than 50% likely of being realized upon ultimate settlement. The Company considers many factors when evaluating and estimating its tax positions and tax benefits, which may require periodic adjustments.

(y)Research and Development

The Company expenses research and development costs as incurred. External software development expense is included in research and development costs except for those costs which require capitalization in accordance with GAAP. Certain research and development costs are related to performance on grant contracts.

(z)Share-Based Compensation

The Company accounts for all share-based compensations costs granted to employees and non-employees under the method prescribed by ASC 718-10, Stock Compensation (Note 12). Stock-based compensation cost is measured based on the estimated grant date fair value of the award and is recognized as expense over the requisite service period. The Company accounts for forfeitures as they occur.

(aa)Leases

The Company makes a determination if an arrangement constitutes a lease at inception, and categorizes the lease as either an operating or finance lease. Operating leases are included in right-of-use operating lease assets and operating lease liabilities in the Company's consolidated balance sheets. Finance leases are included in property, plant and equipment, net and other liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets. Leases with an initial term of 12 months or less are not recorded on the consolidated balance sheets.

The Company has entered into leases for building facilities and vehicles. The Company’s leases have contractual terms of up to 10 years, some of which have options to extend the lease. For purposes of calculating operating lease liabilities, lease terms are deemed not to include options to extend the lease renewals until it is reasonably certain that the Company will exercise that option. The Company's lease agreements do not contain any material residual value guarantees or material restrictive covenants.

Right-of-use lease assets represent the Company's right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent the Company's obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. Operating lease right-of-use assets and liabilities are recognized at commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. As the implicit rate on most of the Company's leases are not reasonable determinable, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at commencement date in determining the present value of lease payments. The Company uses the implicit rate when readily determinable. Lease terms may include options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that the company will exercise that option. Lease expense is primarily recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. The Company has lease agreements with lease and non-lease components, which are combined for certain assets classes.

(ab)Recently adopted accounting pronouncements

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326) – Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments (“ASU 2016-13”). ASU 2016-13 requires, among other things, the use of a new current expected credit loss ("CECL") model in determining the allowances for doubtful accounts with respect to accounts receivable, accrued straight-line rent receivable, and notes receivable. The CECL model requires that an entity estimate its lifetime expected credit loss with respect to these receivables and record allowances that, when deducted from the balance of the receivables, represent the net amounts expected to be collected. Entities will also be required to disclose information about how the entity developed the allowances, including changes in the factors that influenced its estimate of expected credit losses and the reasons for those changes. The Company adopted the guidance effective beginning January 1, 2023. The adoption of the guidance did not have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.

(ac)Recently issued accounting pronouncements not yet adopted

In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280) Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures. ASU 2023-07 requires disclosure of significant segment expenses that are regularly provided to the chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) and included within each reported measure of segment profit or loss, an amount and description of its composition for other segment items to reconcile to segment profit or loss, and the title and position of the Company’s CODM. The amendments in this update also provide new segment disclosure requirements for entities with a single reportable segment, and expand the interim segment disclosure requirements. ASU 2023-07 is effective for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2024. Early adoption is permitted and the amendments in this update are required to be applied on a retrospective basis. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this guidance on its consolidated financial statements.

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740) Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures. ASU 2023-09 requires disclosure of disaggregated income taxes paid in both U.S. and foreign jurisdictions, prescribes standard categories for the components of the effective tax rate reconciliation and modifies other income tax-related disclosures. ASU 2023-09 is effective for the Company’s fiscal year ending December 31, 2025. Early adoption is permitted and the amendments in this update should be applied on a prospective basis, though retrospective adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this guidance on its consolidated financial statements.

Income Taxes - Narrative (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
Income Taxes - Narrative (Details) - USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Operating Loss Carryforwards [Line Items]
Operating loss carryforward, subject to expiration	$ 3,070,000
Deferred tax assets, valuation allowance	27,350,111	$ 18,051,182
Valuation allowance increase	(9,298,929)
Domestic Tax Authority
Operating Loss Carryforwards [Line Items]
Operating loss carryforwards	79,116,000
State and Local Jurisdiction
Operating Loss Carryforwards [Line Items]
Operating loss carryforwards	$ 43,534,000

Net Loss Per Share Attributable to Common Stockholders (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Earnings Per Share [Abstract]

Schedule of earnings per share

The following table sets forth the calculation of basic and diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders:


	Years Ended December 31,
		2023		2022
Net loss attributable to Nuvve Holding Corp. common stockholders		$	(32,215,790)	$	(24,928,377)
Weighted-average shares used to compute net loss per share attributable to Nuvve common stockholders, basic and diluted		798,269		524,297
Net Loss per share attributable to Nuvve common stockholders, basic and diluted		$	(40.36)	$	(47.55)

Schedule of antidilutive securities excluded from the computation of earnings per share

The following outstanding shares of common stock equivalents were excluded from the calculation of the diluted net loss per share attributable to Nuvve common stockholders because their effect would have been anti-dilutive:


	Years Ended December 31,
		2023	2022
Stock options issued and outstanding		69,059	65,123
Nonvested restricted stock issued and outstanding		11,170	23,957
Public warrants		71,875	71,875
Private warrants		3,406	3,406
PIPE warrants		33,844	33,844
Stonepeak and Evolve warrants		150,000	150,000
Stonepeak and Evolve options		125,000	125,000
Institutional/Accredited Investor Pre-Funded Warrants		112,671	—
Institutional/Accredited Investor Warrants		100,000	42,466

Total		677,025	515,671

Noncontrolling Interest - Schedule of Monte Carlo Simulation model to estimate the fair value of class D incentive Units (Details) - Class D Incentive Units	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023
Noncontrolling Interest [Line Items]
Expected life of options (in years)	5 years 6 months
Risk-free interest rate	3.02%
Volatility	69.50%

Fair Value Measurements - Narrative (Details)	Dec. 31, 2023 $ / shares	Dec. 31, 2022 $ / shares	May 17, 2021
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Warrants outstanding, term			10 years
Private Warrants
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Exercise price (in Dollars per share)	$ 460.00
Level 3: Significant Unobservable Inputs \| Fair Value, Nonrecurring \| Maximum
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Embedded derivatives, term	7 years	7 years
Level 3: Significant Unobservable Inputs \| Fair Value, Nonrecurring \| Minimum
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Embedded derivatives, term	7 months 6 days	1 year 7 months 6 days
Level 3: Significant Unobservable Inputs \| Fair Value, Nonrecurring \| Risk free rate
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Embedded derivative liability, measurement input	0.039	0.0400
Level 3: Significant Unobservable Inputs \| Fair Value, Nonrecurring \| Dividends
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Embedded derivative liability, measurement input	0	0
Level 3: Significant Unobservable Inputs \| Fair Value, Nonrecurring \| Volatility
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Embedded derivative liability, measurement input	0.790	0.630
Level 3: Significant Unobservable Inputs \| Fair Value, Nonrecurring \| Probability Of Redemption Trigger
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Embedded derivative liability, measurement input	0.750	0.750
Level 3: Significant Unobservable Inputs \| Fair Value, Nonrecurring \| Private Warrants
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Warrants outstanding, term	2 years 2 months 12 days	3 years 2 months 12 days
Exercise price (in Dollars per share)	$ 460.00	$ 460.00
Level 3: Significant Unobservable Inputs \| Fair Value, Nonrecurring \| Private Warrants \| Risk free rate
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Warrants and right outstanding, measurement input	0.042	0.042
Level 3: Significant Unobservable Inputs \| Fair Value, Nonrecurring \| Private Warrants \| Dividends
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Warrants and right outstanding, measurement input	0	0
Level 3: Significant Unobservable Inputs \| Fair Value, Nonrecurring \| Private Warrants \| Volatility
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Warrants and right outstanding, measurement input	0.600	0.670
Level 3: Significant Unobservable Inputs \| Fair Value, Nonrecurring \| Institutional/Accredited Investor Warrants
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Warrants outstanding, term	4 years 1 month 6 days	5 years 1 month 6 days
Exercise price (in Dollars per share)	$ 150.00	$ 150.00
Level 3: Significant Unobservable Inputs \| Fair Value, Nonrecurring \| Institutional/Accredited Investor Warrants \| Risk free rate
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Warrants and right outstanding, measurement input	0.0392	0.0397
Level 3: Significant Unobservable Inputs \| Fair Value, Nonrecurring \| Institutional/Accredited Investor Warrants \| Dividends
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Warrants and right outstanding, measurement input	0	0
Level 3: Significant Unobservable Inputs \| Fair Value, Nonrecurring \| Institutional/Accredited Investor Warrants \| Volatility
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Warrants and right outstanding, measurement input	0.630	0.620
Level 3: Significant Unobservable Inputs \| Fair Value, Nonrecurring \| Institutional/Accredited Investor Warrants \| Measurement Input, Share Price
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Warrants and right outstanding, measurement input	0.12	0.50

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Assets and liabilities of consolidated VIEs (Details) - USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Assets
Cash	$ 1,534,660	$ 15,753,896
Total Assets	20,950,506	41,199,590
Liabilities
Accounts payable	1,694,325	2,390,422
Accrued expenses and dividend payable	4,632,101	3,347,399
Derivative liability - non-controlling redeemable preferred shares	309,728	359,225
Total Liabilities	13,960,043	13,960,946
Variable Interest Entity \| Levo Mobility LLC
Assets
Cash	27,337	27,629
Other current assets	1,363	59,794
Total Assets	28,700	87,423
Liabilities
Accounts payable	8,380	8,165
Accrued expenses and dividend payable	620,421	336,713
Derivative liability - non-controlling redeemable preferred shares	309,728	359,225
Total Liabilities	$ 938,529	$ 704,103

Fair Value Measurements - Schedule of fair value on a recurring basis (Details)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023 USD ($)
Derivative liability - non-controlling redeemable preferred shares
Fair Value, Liabilities Measured on Recurring Basis, Unobservable Input Reconciliation, Calculation [Roll Forward]
Initial fair value
Total (gains) losses for period included in earnings	(49,497)
Balance	309,728
Private Warrants
Fair Value, Liabilities Measured on Recurring Basis, Unobservable Input Reconciliation, Calculation [Roll Forward]
Balance	2,000
Initial fair value
Total (gains) losses for period included in earnings	(2,000)
Balance	0
Stonepeak and Evolve unvested warrants
Fair Value, Liabilities Measured on Recurring Basis, Unobservable Input Reconciliation, Calculation [Roll Forward]
Balance	0
Initial fair value
Total (gains) losses for period included in earnings	0
Balance	0
Institutional/Accredited Investor Warrants
Fair Value, Liabilities Measured on Recurring Basis, Unobservable Input Reconciliation, Calculation [Roll Forward]
Balance	218,884
Initial fair value
Total (gains) losses for period included in earnings	(214,263)
Balance	$ 4,621

Related Parties	12 Months Ended
Related Parties	Dec. 31, 2023
Related Party Transactions [Abstract]
Related Parties	Related Parties As described in Note 6, the Company holds equity interests in and provides certain consulting services to Dreev, an entity in which a stockholder of the Company owns the other portion of Dreev’s equity interests. The consulting services was $43,399 for the year ended December 31, 2023 and zero for the year ended December 31, 2022. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company recognized revenue of $192,413 from an entity that is an investor of the Company. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company recognized revenue of $40,500 from the same entity that is an investor in the Company. The Company had a balance of accounts receivable of zero each at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, from the same entity that is an investor in the Company.

- Definition

The entire disclosure for related party transactions. Examples of related party transactions include transactions between (a) a parent company and its subsidiary; (b) subsidiaries of a common parent; (c) and entity and its principal owners; and (d) affiliates.

+ References

Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 946
-SubTopic 20
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 2
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147480990/946-20-50-2

Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 946
-SubTopic 20
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 5
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147480990/946-20-50-5

Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 946
-SubTopic 20
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 6
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147480990/946-20-50-6

Reference 4: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 946
-SubTopic 235
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 2
-Subparagraph (c)
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147481062/946-235-50-2

Reference 5: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 946
-SubTopic 235
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 2
-Subparagraph (e)
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147481062/946-235-50-2

Reference 6: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 850
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 1
-Subparagraph (d)
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147483326/850-10-50-1

Reference 7: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 946
-SubTopic 220
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section S99
-Paragraph 1
-Subparagraph (SX 210.6-07(2)(g)(3))
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147483575/946-220-S99-1

Reference 8: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 946
-SubTopic 220
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section S99
-Paragraph 1
-Subparagraph (SX 210.6-07(2)(c))
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147483575/946-220-S99-1

Reference 9: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 946
-SubTopic 220
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section S99
-Paragraph 1
-Subparagraph (SX 210.6-07(2)(e))
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147483575/946-220-S99-1

Reference 10: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 850
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org//850/tableOfContent

Reference 11: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 850
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 6
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147483326/850-10-50-6

Reference 12: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 850
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 1
-Subparagraph (a)
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147483326/850-10-50-1

Reference 13: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 850
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 1
-Subparagraph (b)
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147483326/850-10-50-1

+ Details

Leases - Sublease (Details)	1 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
Leases - Sublease (Details)	Apr. 30, 2022 USD ($) ft²	Dec. 31, 2023 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($)
Lessee, Lease, Description [Line Items]
Net area subleased \| ft²	4,811
Minimum
Lessee, Lease, Description [Line Items]
Sublease term	6 months
Sublease monthly rental income	$ 2,250
Maximum
Lessee, Lease, Description [Line Items]
Sublease term	12 months
Sublease monthly rental income	$ 14,500
Other, net
Lessee, Lease, Description [Line Items]
Sublease lease income		$ 466,888	$ 143,192

Stockholders’ Equity - Narrative (Details)															1 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
Stockholders’ Equity - Narrative (Details)	Jan. 19, 2024	Jan. 05, 2024	Oct. 25, 2023 USD ($) $ / shares shares	Oct. 20, 2023 USD ($) $ / shares shares	Oct. 18, 2023 USD ($) $ / shares shares	Jun. 06, 2023 USD ($) $ / shares shares	Apr. 14, 2023 USD ($) $ / shares shares	Feb. 17, 2023 USD ($) $ / shares shares	Jan. 31, 2023 USD ($) shares	Jul. 27, 2022 USD ($) $ / shares shares	May 05, 2022 USD ($)	May 17, 2021 USD ($) $ / shares shares	Nov. 11, 2020 USD ($) $ / shares shares	Feb. 19, 2020 USD ($) $ / shares shares	Jul. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2023 USD ($) class_of_stock $ / shares shares	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($) $ / shares shares
Stockholders' Equity [Line Items]
Number of classes of stock \| class_of_stock																2
Authorized capital stock (in Shares)																101,000,000
Common stock, shares authorized																100,000,000	100,000,000
Common stock par value (in Dollars per share) \| $ / shares																$ 0.0001	$ 0.0001
Preferred stock, shares authorized																1,000,000
Preferred stock par value (in Dollars per share) \| $ / shares																$ 0.0001
Preferred stock, shares issued (in Shares)																0
Preferred stock, shares outstanding (in Shares)																0
Number of votes per common share																1
Amount of purchase \| $										$ 14,000,000
Agent fee percentage															6.00%
Purchase price (in Dollars per share) \| $ / shares												$ 2,000
Proceeds from common stock offering, net of offering costs \| $																$ 884,586	$ 3,763,494
Per unit price (in Dollars per share) \| $ / shares										$ 140.00
Net proceeds from offering \| $										$ 13,100,000
Warrants outstanding, term												10 years
Total recurring fair value measurements \| $																$ 314,349	580,109
Upfront capital commitment \| $												$ 750,000,000
Optional amount of additional funding \| $												500,000,000
Purchase agreement, authorized amount \| $												250,000,000
Grant date fair value of securities purchase agreement \| $												$ 12,600,000
Subsequent Event
Stockholders' Equity [Line Items]
Stock conversion ratio	0.025
Minimum \| Subsequent Event
Stockholders' Equity [Line Items]
Stock conversion ratio		0.50
Maximum \| Subsequent Event
Stockholders' Equity [Line Items]
Stock conversion ratio		0.025
Unit Purchase Option
Stockholders' Equity [Line Items]
Percent of one share of common stock														110.00%
Shares issued (in Dollars per share) \| $ / shares														$ 100
Exercisable units (in Shares)														7,906
Options exercisable (in dollars per share) \| $ / shares														$ 460.00
Aggregate exercise price \| $														$ 3,636,875
Unit Purchase Option \| Minimum
Stockholders' Equity [Line Items]
Right to registration, period														5 years
Unit Purchase Option \| Maximum
Stockholders' Equity [Line Items]
Right to registration, period														7 years
Investor
Stockholders' Equity [Line Items]
Purchased shares (in Shares)													35,625
Warrants
Stockholders' Equity [Line Items]
Purchased shares (in Shares)														143,750
Per unit price (in Dollars per share) \| $ / shares										$ 139.9960						$ 660.00
Exercise price (in Dollars per share) \| $ / shares																460.00
Redemption price (in Dollars per share) \| $ / shares																$ 0.40
Redemption period																30 days
Threshold consecutive trading days																20 days
Threshold trading days																30 days
Stonepeak/Evolve Warrants - series B
Stockholders' Equity [Line Items]
Exercise price (in Dollars per share) \| $ / shares												$ 400.00
Number of securities called by warrants (in shares)												50,000
Total recurring fair value measurements \| $												$ 12,800,000
Stonepeak/Evolve Warrants - series C
Stockholders' Equity [Line Items]
Exercise price (in Dollars per share) \| $ / shares												$ 600.00
Number of securities called by warrants (in shares)												25,000
Total recurring fair value measurements \| $												$ 5,600,000
Percent of warrants vested upon issuance												50.00%
Percent of warrants vested upon additional capital expenditures												50.00%
Additional capital expenditure to trigger exercise of nonvested warrants \| $												$ 125,000,000
Stonepeak/Evolve Warrants - series D
Stockholders' Equity [Line Items]
Exercise price (in Dollars per share) \| $ / shares												$ 800.00
Number of securities called by warrants (in shares)												25,000
Total recurring fair value measurements \| $												$ 4,800,000
Percent of warrants vested upon issuance												50.00%
Percent of warrants vested upon additional capital expenditures												50.00%
Additional capital expenditure to trigger exercise of nonvested warrants \| $												$ 250,000,000
Stonepeak/Evolve Warrants - series E
Stockholders' Equity [Line Items]
Exercise price (in Dollars per share) \| $ / shares												$ 1,200
Number of securities called by warrants (in shares)												25,000
Total recurring fair value measurements \| $												$ 3,800,000
Percent of warrants vested upon issuance												50.00%
Percent of warrants vested upon additional capital expenditures												50.00%
Additional capital expenditure to trigger exercise of nonvested warrants \| $												$ 375,000,000
Stonepeak/Evolve Warrants - series F
Stockholders' Equity [Line Items]
Exercise price (in Dollars per share) \| $ / shares												$ 1,600
Number of securities called by warrants (in shares)												25,000
Option vesting period												180 days
Total recurring fair value measurements \| $												$ 3,200,000
Percent of warrants vested upon issuance												50.00%
Percent of warrants vested upon additional capital expenditures												50.00%
Additional capital expenditure to trigger exercise of nonvested warrants \| $												$ 500,000,000
PIPE warrants
Stockholders' Equity [Line Items]
Purchased shares (in Shares)													1.9
Purchase price (in Dollars per share) \| $ / shares													$ 460.00
Stonepeak
Stockholders' Equity [Line Items]
Percent of warrants issued												90.00%
Evolve
Stockholders' Equity [Line Items]
Percent of warrants issued												10.00%
Newborn \| Investor
Stockholders' Equity [Line Items]
Purchase price (in Dollars per share) \| $ / shares													$ 400.00
Newborn \| PIPE
Stockholders' Equity [Line Items]
Amount of purchase \| $													$ 14,250,000
Newborn \| Warrants \| PIPE
Stockholders' Equity [Line Items]
Percent of one share of common stock													50.00%
Common Stock
Stockholders' Equity [Line Items]
Common stock par value (in Dollars per share) \| $ / shares										$ 0.004
Purchased shares (in Shares)										53,750
Number of securities called by warrants (in shares)										100,000
Common Stock \| Prefunded Warrant
Stockholders' Equity [Line Items]
Number of securities called by warrants (in shares)										46,250
Class of warrant or right, number of securities called by each warrant (in Shares)										1
Option vesting period										6 months
Warrants exercisable term										5 years
Common Stock \| Warrants
Stockholders' Equity [Line Items]
Exercise price (in Dollars per share) \| $ / shares										$ 150.00
Stonepeak and Evolve warrants \| Securities Purchase Agreement
Stockholders' Equity [Line Items]
Percent of warrants issued												90.00%
Evolve Warrants \| Securities Purchase Agreement
Stockholders' Equity [Line Items]
Percent of warrants issued												10.00%
Shelf Registration
Stockholders' Equity [Line Items]
Amount of purchase \| $											$ 100,000,000
At The Market Offering
Stockholders' Equity [Line Items]
Amount of purchase \| $									$ 25,000,000
Agent fee percentage									3.00%
Placement agent fee, reimbursement amount \| $									$ 50,000
Purchased shares (in Shares)									37,804
Purchase price (in Dollars per share) \| $ / shares																$ 25.60
Proceeds from common stock offering, net of offering costs \| $					$ 1,000,000											$ 900,000
At The Market Offering \| Common Stock
Stockholders' Equity [Line Items]
Purchased shares (in Shares)					178,571
Per unit price (in Dollars per share) \| $ / shares					$ 5.60
Underwriter agent fee percentage				7.00%	7.00%
IPO \| Newborn
Stockholders' Equity [Line Items]
Class of warrant or right, number of securities called by each warrant (in Shares)														1
Number of warrants per unit (in Shares)														1
IPO \| Newborn \| Warrants
Stockholders' Equity [Line Items]
Percent of one share of common stock														50.00%
Private Placement \| Warrants
Stockholders' Equity [Line Items]
Aggregate share purchase (in shares)														6,813
Private Placement \| Newborn
Stockholders' Equity [Line Items]
Number of warrants per unit (in Shares)														1
Private Warrants
Stockholders' Equity [Line Items]
Total recurring fair value measurements \| $																$ 0	$ 2,000
Registered Direct Offering
Stockholders' Equity [Line Items]
Agent fee percentage						6.00%	6.00%	6.00%
Proceeds from common stock offering, net of offering costs \| $						$ 1,000,000	$ 1,000,000	$ 500,000
Per unit price (in Dollars per share) \| $ / shares						$ 16.00	$ 22.00	$ 36.80
Registered Direct Offering \| Common Stock
Stockholders' Equity [Line Items]
Purchased shares (in Shares)						62,313	45,455	13,587
Over-Allotment Option
Stockholders' Equity [Line Items]
Purchased shares (in Shares)					26,786
Proceeds from common stock offering, net of offering costs \| $				$ 100,000
Per unit price (in Dollars per share) \| $ / shares				$ 5.60
Over-Allotment Option \| Common Stock
Stockholders' Equity [Line Items]
Purchased shares (in Shares)				19,931
Pre-Funded Warrants \| Common Stock
Stockholders' Equity [Line Items]
Purchased shares (in Shares)			344,324
Proceeds from common stock offering, net of offering costs \| $			$ 2,100,000
Per unit price (in Dollars per share) \| $ / shares			$ 6.00
Exercise price (in Dollars per share) \| $ / shares			$ 0.0001

Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity - USD ($)	Total	Common Stock	Additional Paid-in Capital	Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)	Accumulated Deficit	Non-controlling Interests
Balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2021		471,528
Balances at Dec. 31, 2021	$ 27,012,445	$ 1,888	$ 122,336,607	$ 113,446	$ (92,937,863)	$ (2,501,633)
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Exercise of stock options and vesting of restricted stock units (in shares)		12,091
Exercise of stock options and vesting of restricted stock units	245,723	$ 47	245,676
Share-based compensation	5,328,492		5,328,492
Proceeds from forward option put exercise (in Shares)		3,362
Proceeds from forward option put exercise	1,994,072	$ 13	1,994,059
Proceeds from common stock offering, net of offering costs (in Shares)		19,822
Proceeds from common stock offering, net of offering costs	3,763,496	$ 79	3,763,417
Proceeds from Direct Offering, net of offering costs (in Shares)		53,750
Proceeds from Direct Offering, net of offering costs	10,405,469	$ 215	10,405,254
Accretion on redeemable non-controlling interests preferred shares	(645,866)					(645,866)
Preferred dividends - non-controlling interest	(263,846)					(263,846)
Issuance of Common Shares related to Warrants (in Shares)		46,250
Issuance of Common Shares related to Warrants	185	$ 185
Currency translation adjustment	(37,264)			(37,264)
Net loss	$ (24,557,506)				(24,018,665)	(538,841)
Balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2022	606,804	606,804
Balance at Dec. 31, 2022	$ 23,245,400	$ 2,427	144,073,505	76,182	(116,956,528)	(3,950,186)
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Exercise of stock options and vesting of restricted stock units (in shares)		50,471
Exercise of stock options and vesting of restricted stock units	1,215,969	$ 203	1,215,766
Share-based compensation	4,459,102		4,459,102
Proceeds from common stock offering, net of offering costs (in Shares)		37,804
Proceeds from common stock offering, net of offering costs	884,586	$ 150	884,436
Proceeds from Direct Offering, net of offering costs (in Shares)		429,010
Proceeds from Direct Offering, net of offering costs	4,986,300	$ 2,657	4,983,643
Accretion on redeemable non-controlling interests preferred shares	(645,864)					(645,864)
Preferred dividends - non-controlling interest	(285,595)					(285,595)
Issuance of Common Shares related to Warrants (in Shares)		122,500
Issuance of Common Shares related to Warrants	0	$ 490	(490)
Currency translation adjustment	17,494			17,494
Net loss	$ (31,296,787)				(31,284,331)	(12,456)
Balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2023	1,246,589	1,246,589
Balance at Dec. 31, 2023	$ 2,580,605	$ 5,927	$ 155,615,962	$ 93,676	$ (148,240,859)	$ (4,894,101)

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Narrative (Details)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023 USD ($) performanceObligation	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($)
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Details) [Line Items]
Accumulated deficit	$ 148,240,859	$ 116,956,528
Loss before taxes	32,105,275	36,915,544
Net cash used in operating activities	21,254,328	34,081,975
FDIC amount	250,000
Restricted cash	$ 480,000	$ 480,000
Number of performance obligations \| performanceObligation	1
Extended warranty contract, option 1	3 years
Extended warranty contract, option 2	5 years
Extended warranty contract, option 3	10 years
Extended warranty contract, option 4	12 years
Operating lease, term of contract	10 years
Minimum
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Details) [Line Items]
Service contract, term	1 year
Maximum
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Details) [Line Items]
Service contract, term	12 years
Levo Mobility LLC \| Stonepeak
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Details) [Line Items]
Stonepeak and Evolve 49% ownership	49.00%
Variable Interest Entity \| Levo Mobility LLC
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Details) [Line Items]
Variable interest entity	51.00%

Leases - Schedule of operating lease liability maturity (Details)	Dec. 31, 2023 USD ($)
Operating Lease
2024	$ 892,212
2025	893,046
2026	921,273
2027	946,683
2028	937,727
Thereafter	2,861,204
Total lease payments	7,452,145
Less: interest	(1,949,512)
Total lease liabilities	5,502,633
Finance Lease
2024	7,391
2025	7,391
2026	1,848
2027	0
2028	0
Thereafter	0
Total lease payments	16,630
Less: interest	(1,475)
Total lease liabilities	$ 15,155

Account Receivables, Net (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
Account Receivables, Net (Details) - USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Less: allowance for credit losses	$ (382,598)	$ (58,834)
Accounts receivable, net	1,724,899	1,090,467
Allowance for credit losses:
Allowance for doubtful accounts, beginning	(58,834)	(63,188)
Provision	(323,764)	0
Write-off	0	4,354
Recoveries	0	0
Allowance for doubtful accounts, ending	(382,598)	(58,834)
Trade receivables
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Accounts receivable, gross	$ 2,107,497	$ 1,149,301

Related Parties (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
Related Parties (Details) - USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Consulting services	$ 43,399	$ 0
Revenue	8,332,162	5,373,383
Accounts receivable, net	1,724,899	1,090,467
Related Party
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Revenue	192,413	40,500
Accounts receivable, net	$ 0	$ 0

- Definition

+ References

+ Details

Derivative Liability - Non-Controlling Redeemable Preferred Stock (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Embedded Derivative [Line Items]
Derivative liability - non-controlling redeemable preferred shares	$ 309,728	$ 359,225
Fair Value, Liability, Recurring Basis, Unobservable Input Reconciliation, Gain (Loss), Statement of Income or Comprehensive Income [Extensible Enumeration]	Fair Value Adjustment of Warrants, Change in fair value of derivative liability
Fair Value, Net Derivative Asset (Liability), Recurring Basis, Unobservable Input Reconciliation, Gain (Loss), Statement of Income or Comprehensive Income [Extensible Enumeration]	Change in fair value of derivative liability
Other Long-term Liabilities
Embedded Derivative [Line Items]
Derivative liability - non-controlling redeemable preferred shares	$ 309,728	$ 359,225

Revenue Recognition

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Revenue from Contract with Customer [Abstract]

Revenue Recognition

The disclosures below discuss the Company’s material revenue contracts.

The following table provides information regarding disaggregated revenue:


	Years Ended December 31,
		2023		2022
Revenue recognized over time:
Services - engineering and others		$	1,322,953	$	337,005
Grid services		839,265		447,705
Grants		326,757		459,427
Revenue recognized at point in time:
Products		5,843,187		4,129,246
Total revenue		$	8,332,162	$	5,373,383

The aggregate amount of revenue for the Company’s existing contracts with customers as of December 31, 2023 expected to be recognized in the future, and classified as deferred revenue on the consolidated balance sheet for year ended December 31, is as follows (this disclosure does not include revenue related to contracts whose original expected duration is one year or less):


2024	$	697,105
2025	117,535
2026	98,308
2027	55,849
Thereafter	61,259
Total (1)	$	1,030,056

__________________

(1) The revenue recognition is subject to the completion of construction and commissioning of the EV infrastructure.

Related to the finance receivables, during the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company recognized $609,860 of product revenue related to contracts with customers for which the Company determined that control of the DC Charger transferred to that customer. Of this amount, $320,988 was recorded within accounts receivable in the consolidated balance sheet as the Company expects to collect it in the short term. The remaining $288,872 represents the discounted amount for the equipment that will be collected over the life of the contract, adjusted for the estimated effect of a significant financing component. This amount is a long-term financing receivable recorded in the consolidated balance sheet.

The Company operates in a single business segment, which is the EV V2G Charging segment. The following table summarizes the Company’s revenues by geography:


	Years Ended December 31,
		2023		2022

United States		$	7,858,583	$	4,839,561
United Kingdom		33,047		195,550
Denmark		440,532		338,272
		$	8,332,162	$	5,373,383

The following table summarizes the Company’s intangible assets and property, plant and equipment in different geographic locations:


	December 31, 2023		December 31, 2022

United States	$	1,741,009	$	1,795,267
United Kingdom	2,894		1,335
Denmark	$	224,564	$	181,982
	$	1,968,467	$	1,978,584

- Definition

The entire disclosure of revenue from contract with customer to transfer good or service and to transfer nonfinancial asset. Includes, but is not limited to, disaggregation of revenue, credit loss recognized from contract with customer, judgment and change in judgment related to contract with customer, and asset recognized from cost incurred to obtain or fulfill contract with customer. Excludes insurance and lease contracts.

+ References

Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 606
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 9
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147479806/606-10-50-9

Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 606
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 10
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147479806/606-10-50-10

Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 606
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 15
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147479806/606-10-50-15

Reference 4: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 606
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 12
-Subparagraph (a)
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147479806/606-10-50-12

Reference 5: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 606
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 12
-Subparagraph (b)
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147479806/606-10-50-12

Reference 6: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 606
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 12
-Subparagraph (c)
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147479806/606-10-50-12

Reference 7: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 606
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 12
-Subparagraph (d)
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147479806/606-10-50-12

Reference 8: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 606
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 12
-Subparagraph (e)
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147479806/606-10-50-12

Reference 9: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 606
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 13
-Subparagraph (b)(2)
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147479806/606-10-50-13

Reference 10: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Topic 606
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org//606/tableOfContent

+ Details

Inventories (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Inventory Disclosure [Abstract]

Schedule of inventory by category

The following table summarizes the Company’s inventories balance by category:


	As of December 31,
	2023		2022
DC Chargers	$	5,275,934	$	9,248,398
AC Chargers	236,316		123,247
Vehicles - School Buses	—		1,620,000
Component parts	377,203		560,186
Total	$	5,889,453	$	11,551,831

Fair Value Measurements (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]

Schedule of liabilities measured at fair value on the condensed consolidated balance sheet

The following are the liabilities measured at fair value on the consolidated balance sheet at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, using quoted price in active markets for identical assets (Level 1); significant other observable inputs (Level 2); and significant unobservable inputs (Level 3):


	Level 1: Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets		Level 2: Significant Other Observable Inputs		Level 3: Significant Unobservable Inputs		Total at December 31, 2023		Total Gains (Losses) For The Year Ended December 31, 2023
Recurring fair value measurements
Private warrants	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	2,000
Stonepeak and Evolve unvested warrants	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Institutional/Accredited Investor Warrants	$	—	$	—	$	4,621	$	4,621	$	214,263
Derivative liability - non-controlling redeemable preferred shares	$	—	$	—	$	309,728	$	309,728	$	49,497
Total recurring fair value measurements	$	—	$	—	$	314,349	$	314,349	$	265,760


	Level 1: Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets		Level 2: Significant Other Observable Inputs		Level 3: Significant Unobservable Inputs		Total at December 31, 2022		Total Gains (Losses) For The Year Ended December 31, 2022
Recurring fair value measurements
Private warrants	$	—	$	—	$	2,000	$	2,000	$	864,000
Stonepeak and Evolve unvested warrants	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	8,677,000
Institutional/Accredited Investor Warrants	$	—	$	—	$	218,884	$	218,884	$	2,445,462
Derivative liability - non-controlling redeemable preferred shares	$	—	$	—	$	359,225	$	359,225	$	152,723
Total recurring fair value measurements	$	—	$	—	$	580,109	$	580,109	$	12,139,185

Schedule of fair value on a recurring basis

The following is a reconciliation of the opening and closing balances for the liabilities related to the private warrants (Note 11) and derivative liability - non-controlling redeemable preferred shares measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) during the year ended December 31, 2023:


	Private Warrants		Stonepeak and Evolve unvested warrants		Institutional/Accredited Investor Warrants		Non-controlling redeemable preferred shares - derivative liability
Balance at December 31, 2022	$	2,000	$	—	$	218,884	$	359,225






Initial fair value
Total (gains) losses for period included in earnings	(2,000)		—		(214,263)		(49,497)
Balance at December 31, 2023	$	—	$	—	$	4,621	$	309,728

Fair value measurement inputs and valuation techniques

The following table presents the significant unobservable inputs and valuation methodologies used for the Company’s fair value measurements of non-recurring (level 3) unvested Stonepeak and Evolve unvested warrants at December 31, 2023:

Series C Unvested Warrants

Series D Unvested Warrants

Series E Unvested Warrants

Series F Unvested Warrants

Fair value (in millions)

$—

Valuation methodology

Monte Carlo Simulation & Black Scholes

Capital expenditure forecast (in millions)

$—

Probability of warrants vesting (a)

—%

__________________

(a) During the second quarter ended June 30, 2022, the Company significantly lowered its forecast of Levo's capital deployments due to the passage by the United States Congress of the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act bill, and the related unveiling of the Environmental Protection Agency’s 2022 Clean School Bus rebates. The resulting lower forecast of capital deployments reduced the probabilities of the future vesting of the unvested warrants. Therefore, at December 31, 2023, the Company has determined that it is unlikely that the unvested warrants will vest.


	Series C Unvested Warrants	Series D Unvested Warrants	Series E Unvested Warrants	Series F Unvested Warrants
Fair value (in millions)	$—	$—	$—	$—
Valuation methodology	Monte Carlo Simulation & Black Scholes	Monte Carlo Simulation & Black Scholes	Monte Carlo Simulation & Black Scholes	Monte Carlo Simulation & Black Scholes
Term (years)	8.40	8.40	8.40	8.40
Risk free rate	3.9%	3.9%	3.9%	3.9%
Exercise price	$600.0	$800.0	$1,200.0	$1,600.0
Volatility	56.0%	56.0%	56.0%	56.0%
Capital expenditure forecast (in millions)	$125.0	$250.0	$375.0	$500.0
Probability of warrants vesting	—%	—%	—%	—%

(a) During the second quarter ended June 30, 2022, the Company significantly lowered its forecast of Levo's capital deployments due to the passage by the United States Congress of the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act bill, and the related unveiling of the Environmental Protection Agency’s 2022 Clean School Bus rebates. The resulting lower forecast of capital deployments reduced the probabilities of the future vesting of the unvested warrants. Therefore, at December 31, 2022, the Company has determined that it is unlikely that the unvested warrants will vest.

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Concentrations of Credit Risk (Details) - Customer Concentration Risk	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Revenue Benchmark \| Three Customers
Revenue, Major Customer [Line Items]
Concentration risk	30.30%	30.30%
Revenue Benchmark \| One Customer
Revenue, Major Customer [Line Items]
Concentration risk	32.10%	32.10%
Revenue Benchmark \| Top Five Customers
Revenue, Major Customer [Line Items]
Concentration risk	38.90%	54.70%
Accounts Receivable \| Three Customers
Revenue, Major Customer [Line Items]
Concentration risk	60.90%	40.60%
Accounts Receivable \| Five Customers
Revenue, Major Customer [Line Items]
Concentration risk	74.00%	53.60%

Account Receivables, Net (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Receivables [Abstract]

Schedule of accounts receivable

The following tables summarizes the Company's account receivables:


		As of December 31,
		2023		2022
Trade receivables		$	2,107,497	$	1,149,301

Less: allowance for credit losses		(382,598)		(58,834)

	Accounts receivable, net	$	1,724,899	$	1,090,467

Allowance for credit losses:

	Balance December 31, 2021	$	(63,188)
	Provision	—
	Write-off	4,354
	Recoveries	—
	Balance December 31, 2022	$	(58,834)
	Provision	(323,764)
	Write-off	—
	Recoveries	—
	Balance December 31, 2023	$	(382,598)

Property, Plant, and Equipment

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Property, Plant and Equipment [Abstract]

Property, Plant and Equipment

The following table summarizes the Company’s property, plant and equipment balance:


	Useful Lives			As of December 31,
				2023		2022

Computers & servers	1 year	to	3 years	$	154,337	$	130,417
Vehicles	5 years	to	7 years	65,577		139,788

Office furniture and equipment	3 years	to	5 years	366,323		326,613
DC Chargers (1)	5 years	to	7 years	598,820		256,685
Total				1,185,057		853,503
Less: Accumulated Depreciation				(418,793)		(216,559)
Property, plant and equipment, net				$	766,264	$	636,944

				As of December 31,
				2023		2022
Depreciation expense				$	249,123	$	150,099

__________________

(1) Represents DC Chargers temporary loaned out to customers while their DC Chargers are being repaired.

Property, Plant, and Equipment (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
Property, Plant, and Equipment (Details) - USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Property, plant and equipment, gross	$ 1,185,057	$ 853,503
Less: Accumulated Depreciation	(418,793)	(216,559)
Property and equipment, net	$ 766,264	636,944
Useful Lives	20 years
Depreciation expense	$ 249,123	150,099
Computers & servers
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Property, plant and equipment, gross	$ 154,337	130,417
Computers & servers \| Minimum
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Useful Lives	1 year
Computers & servers \| Maximum
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Useful Lives	3 years
Vehicles
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Property, plant and equipment, gross	$ 65,577	139,788
Vehicles \| Minimum
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Useful Lives	5 years
Vehicles \| Maximum
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Useful Lives	7 years
Office furniture and equipment
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Property, plant and equipment, gross	$ 366,323	326,613
Office furniture and equipment \| Minimum
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Useful Lives	3 years
Office furniture and equipment \| Maximum
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Useful Lives	5 years
DC Chargers
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Property, plant and equipment, gross	$ 598,820	$ 256,685
DC Chargers \| Minimum
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Useful Lives	5 years
DC Chargers \| Maximum
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Useful Lives	7 years

Consolidated Statements of Operations - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
Consolidated Statements of Operations - USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Revenue
Total revenue	$ 8,332,162	$ 5,373,383
Operating expenses
Selling, general, and administrative	24,694,693	30,115,571
Research and development	8,761,400	7,976,568
Total operating expenses	40,437,437	42,288,927
Operating loss	(32,105,275)	(36,915,544)
Other income
Interest income, net	108,182	134,579
Change in fair value of warrants liability	216,263	11,986,462
Change in fair value of derivative liability	49,497	152,723
Other, net	436,146	85,074
Total other income, net	810,088	12,358,838
Loss before taxes	(31,295,187)	(24,556,706)
Income tax expense	1,600	800
Net loss	(31,296,787)	(24,557,506)
Less: Net loss attributable to non-controlling interests	(12,456)	(538,841)
Net loss attributable to Nuvve Holding Corp.	(31,284,331)	(24,018,665)
Less: Preferred dividends on redeemable non-controlling interests	285,595	263,846
Less: Accretion on redeemable non-controlling interests preferred shares	645,864	645,866
Net loss attributable to Nuvve Holding Corp. common stockholders	$ (32,215,790)	$ (24,928,377)
Net loss per share attributable to Nuvve Holding Corp. common stockholders, basic (in Dollars per share)	$ (40.36)	$ (47.55)
Net loss per share attributable to Nuvve Holding Corp. common stockholders, diluted (in Dollars per share)	$ (40.36)	$ (47.55)
Weighted-average shares used in computing net loss per share attributable to Nuvve Holding Corp. common stockholders, basic (in Shares)	798,269	524,297
Weighted-average shares used in computing net loss per share attributable to Nuvve Holding Corp. common stockholders, diluted (in Shares)	798,269	524,297
Products
Revenue
Total revenue	$ 5,843,187	$ 4,129,246
Operating expenses
Cost of products	5,804,011	3,609,461
Services - engineering and others
Revenue
Total revenue	2,162,218	784,710
Operating expenses
Cost of products	1,177,333	587,327
Grants
Revenue
Total revenue	$ 326,757	$ 459,427

Inventories (Details) - USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Inventory [Line Items]
Inventory, gross	$ 5,889,453	$ 11,551,831
DC Chargers
Inventory [Line Items]
Inventory, gross	5,275,934	9,248,398
AC Chargers
Inventory [Line Items]
Inventory, gross	236,316	123,247
Vehicles - School Buses
Inventory [Line Items]
Inventory, gross	0	1,620,000
Component parts
Inventory [Line Items]
Inventory, gross	$ 377,203	$ 560,186

Non-Controlling Interest - Condensed consolidated statements of operations (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Levo Mobility LLC
Noncontrolling Interest [Line Items]
Net loss attributable to non-controlling interests	$ (12,456)	$ (538,841)

Commitments and Contingencies (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]

Schedule of milestone event

Under the terms of the agreement, the Company will pay up to an aggregate $7,500,000 in royalties to the Seller upon achievement of milestones, related to the aggregate number of vehicles that have had access to the Company’s GIVe platform system for a period of at least six consecutive months, and for which the Company has received monetary consideration for such access pursuant to a subscription or other similar agreement with the vehicle’s owner as follows:


Milestone Event: Aggregated Vehicles	Milestone Payment Amount
10,000	$	500,000
20,000	750,000
40,000	750,000
60,000	750,000
80,000	750,000
100,000	1,000,000
200,000	1,000,000
250,000	2,000,000
	$	7,500,000

Revenue Recognition (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Revenue from Contract with Customer [Abstract]

Schedule of information regarding disaggregated revenue based on revenue by service

The following table provides information regarding disaggregated revenue:


	Years Ended December 31,
		2023		2022
Revenue recognized over time:
Services - engineering and others		$	1,322,953	$	337,005
Grid services		839,265		447,705
Grants		326,757		459,427
Revenue recognized at point in time:
Products		5,843,187		4,129,246
Total revenue		$	8,332,162	$	5,373,383

Schedule of aggregate amount of revenue for the Company’s existing contracts with customers


2024	$	697,105
2025	117,535
2026	98,308
2027	55,849
Thereafter	61,259
Total (1)	$	1,030,056

__________________

(1) The revenue recognition is subject to the completion of construction and commissioning of the EV infrastructure.

Schedule of segment revenue and assets

The following table summarizes the Company’s revenues by geography:


	Years Ended December 31,
		2023		2022

United States		$	7,858,583	$	4,839,561
United Kingdom		33,047		195,550
Denmark		440,532		338,272
		$	8,332,162	$	5,373,383

The following table summarizes the Company’s intangible assets and property, plant and equipment in different geographic locations:


	December 31, 2023		December 31, 2022

United States	$	1,741,009	$	1,795,267
United Kingdom	2,894		1,335
Denmark	$	224,564	$	181,982
	$	1,968,467	$	1,978,584

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)	12 Months Ended
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)	Dec. 31, 2023
Accounting Policies [Abstract]
Basis of Presentation	Basis of Presentation The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”). The Company has reclassified certain prior period amounts to conform to the current year presentation. In accordance with the related Going Concern accounting standards, the Company has evaluated whether there are conditions and events, considered in the aggregate, that raise substantial doubt about its ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the consolidated financial statements are issued. Since inception, the Company has incurred recurring losses and negative cash flows from operations and has an accumulated deficit of $148.2 million and $117.0 million as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. During the years ended December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company incurred an operating loss of $32.1 million and $36.9 million, respectively, and used $21.3 million and $34.1 million, respectively, of cash in operations. The Company continues to expect to generate operating losses and negative cash flows and will need additional funding to support its planned operating activities through profitability. The transition to profitability is dependent upon the successful expanded commercialization of the Company's GIVe platform and the achievement of a level of revenues adequate to support its cost structure. Management plans to fund current operations through increased revenues and raising additional capital. Management's expectations with respect to the Company’s ability to fund current planned operations is based on estimates that are subject to risks and uncertainties. There is an inherent risk that the Company may not achieve such financial projections and if so, cash outflows could be higher than currently anticipated. However, as such plans are not solely within management’s control management cannot conclude as of the date of this filing that the plans are probable of being successfully implemented and as such has concluded that substantial doubt exists about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern for twelve months from the date of issuance of our financial statements. The consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments relating to the recoverability and classification of recorded asset amounts or the amounts and classification of liabilities that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.
Principles of Consolidation	Principles of ConsolidationThe consolidated financial statements include the accounts and operations of the Company, its wholly owned subsidiaries and its consolidated variable interest entity. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated upon consolidation.
Variable Interest Entities	Variable Interest Entities Pursuant to the consolidation guidance, the Company first evaluates whether it holds a variable interest in an entity in which it has a financial relationship and, if so, whether or not that entity is a variable interest entity ("VIE"). A VIE is an entity with insufficient equity at risk for the entity to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support or in which equity investors at risk lack the characteristics of a controlling financial interest. If an entity is determined to be a VIE, the Company evaluates whether the Company is the primary beneficiary. The primary beneficiary analysis is a qualitative analysis based on power and economics. The Company concludes that it is the primary beneficiary and consolidates the VIE if the Company has both (i) the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly influence the VIE's economic performance, and (ii) the obligation to absorb losses of, or the right to receive benefits from, the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE. The Company formed Levo with Stonepeak and Evolve, in which the Company owns 51% of Levo's common units. The Company has determined that Levo is a VIE in which the Company is the primary beneficiary. Accordingly, the Company consolidates Levo and records a non-controlling interest for the share of the entity owned by Stonepeak and Evolve. Assets and Liabilities of Consolidated VIEs The Company's consolidated financial statements include the assets, liabilities and results of operations of VIEs for which the Company is the primary beneficiary. The other equity holders’ interests are reflected in "Net loss attributable to non-controlling interests" in the consolidated statements of operations and "Non-controlling interests" in the consolidated balance sheets. See Note 18 for details of non-controlling interests. The creditors of the consolidated VIE do not have recourse to the Company other than to the assets of the consolidated VIEs.
Redeemable Non-Controlling Interest - Mezzanine Equity /Noncontrolling Interest	Redeemable Non-Controlling Interest - Mezzanine Equity Redeemable non-controlling interest represents the shares of the preferred stock issued by Levo to Stonepeak and Evolve (the "preferred shareholders"), who own 49% of Levo common units. The preferred stock is not mandatorily redeemable or currently redeemable, but it could be redeemable with the passage of time at the election of Levo, the preferred shareholders or a trigger event as defined in the preferred stock agreement. As a result of the contingent put right available to the preferred shareholders, the redeemable non-controlling interests in Levo are classified as mezzanine equity in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets as mezzanine equity. The initial carrying value of the redeemable non-controlling interest is reported at the initial proceeds received on issuance date, reduced by the fair value of embedded derivatives resulting in an adjusted initial carrying value. The adjusted initial carrying value is further adjusted for the accretion of the difference with the redemption price value using the effective interest method. The accretion amount is a deemed dividend recorded against retained earnings or, in its absence, to additional-paid-in-capital. The carrying amount of the redeemable non-controlling interest is measured at the higher of the carrying amount adjusted each reporting period for income (or loss) attributable to the non-controlling interest, or the carrying amount adjusted each reporting period by the accretion amount. See Note 18 for details. (d)Non-controlling interests The Company presents non-controlling interests as a component of equity on its consolidated balance sheets and reports the portion of its earnings or loss for non-controlling interest as net earnings or loss attributable to non-controlling interests in the consolidated statements of operations. For entities that are consolidated, but not 100% owned, a portion of the net income or loss and corresponding equity is allocated to owners other than the Company. The aggregate of the net income or loss and corresponding equity that is not owned by the Company is included in non-controlling interests in the consolidated financial statements. Non-controlling interests are presented outside as a separate component of stockholders’ equity on the Company’s consolidated Balance Sheets. The primary components of non-controlling interests are separately presented in the Company’s consolidated statements of changes in stockholders’ equity to clearly distinguish the interest in the Company and other ownership interests in the consolidated entities. Net income or loss includes the net income or loss attributable to the holders of non-controlling interests on the Company’s consolidated statements of operations. Net income or loss is allocated to non-controlling interests in proportion to their relative ownership interests.
Profits Interests Units (Class D Incentive Units)	Profits Interests Units (Class D Incentive Units)Class D Incentive Units are issued by Levo to certain key employees in the form of profits interests within the meaning of the Internal Revenue Service (“Profits Interests”). Any future distributions under the Profits Interests will only occur once distributions made to all other member units exceed a threshold amount. The Company performed an analysis of the key features of the Profits Interests to determine whether the nature of the Profits Interests are (a) an equity award which should be accounted for under ASC 718, Compensation – Stock Compensation or (b) a bonus arrangement which should be accounted for under ASC 710, Compensation – General. Based on the features of the Profits Interests, the awards are considered stock compensation to be accounted for as equity. Accordingly, compensation expense for the Profits Interests will be recognized over the vesting period of the awards.
Emerging Growth Company	Emerging Growth Company Section 102(b)(1) of the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012 (the “JOBS Act”) permits emerging growth companies (“EGC”) to delay adoption of new or revised financial accounting standards that do not yet apply to private companies (that is, those that have not had a Securities Act registration statement declared effective or do not have a class of securities registered under the Exchange Act). The Company qualifies as an EGC. The JOBS Act provides that an EGC can elect to opt-out of the extended transition period and comply with the requirements that apply to non-EGCs, but any such election to opt-out is irrevocable. The Company has elected not to opt-out of such an extended transition period, which means that when a standard is issued or revised and it has different application dates for public or private companies, the Company, as an EGC, can adopt the new or revised standard at the time private companies adopt the new or revised standard. This different adoption timing may make a comparison of the Company’s financial statements with another public company which is neither an EGC nor an EGC that has opted out of using the extended transition period difficult or impossible because of the potential differences in accounting standards used.
Use of estimates	Use of Estimates The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that may affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Significant estimates and assumptions made by management include the impairment of intangible assets, the net realizable value of inventory, the fair value of share-based payments, lease incremental borrowing rate, derivative liability associated with redeemable preferred shares, revenue recognition, the fair value of warrants, annual bonus accrual, and the recognition and disclosure of contingent liabilities. Management evaluates its estimates on an ongoing basis. Actual results could materially vary from those estimates.
Warrants	Warrants The Company reviews the terms of warrants to purchase its common stock to determine whether warrants should be classified as liabilities or stockholders’ equity in its consolidated balance sheet. In order for a warrant to be classified in stockholders’ equity, the warrant must be (a) indexed to the Company’s equity and (b) meet the conditions for equity classification in Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Subtopic 815-40, Derivatives and Hedging – Contracts in an Entity’s Own Equity. If a warrant does not meet the conditions for equity classification, it is carried on the consolidated balance sheet as a warrant liability measured at fair value, with subsequent changes in the fair value of the warrant recorded in the statement of operations as change in fair value of warrants in other income (expense). If a warrant meets both conditions for equity classification, the warrant is initially recorded in additional paid-in capital on the consolidated balance sheets, and the amount initially recorded is not subsequently remeasured at fair value.
Foreign Currency Matters	Foreign Currency Matters For Nuvve Corp., Nuvve SaS, and Nuvve LTD, the functional currency is the U.S. dollar. All local foreign currency asset and liability amounts are remeasured into U.S. dollars at balance sheet date exchange rates, except for inventories, prepaid expenses, and property, plant, and equipment, which are remeasured at historical rates. Foreign currency revenue and expenses are remeasured at average exchange rates in effect during the year, except for expenses related to balance sheet amounts which are remeasured at historical exchange rates. Transaction gains and losses that arise from exchange rate fluctuations on transactions denominated in a currency other than the functional currency are included in other income (expense) in the consolidated statements of operations. The financial position and results of operations of the Company’s non-U.S. dollar functional currency subsidiary, Nuvve Denmark, are measured using the subsidiary’s local currency as the functional currency. The Company translates the assets and liabilities of Nuvve Denmark into U.S. dollars using exchange rates in effect at the balance sheet date. Revenues and expenses for the subsidiary are translated using rates that approximate those in effect during the period. The resulting translation gain and loss adjustments are reflected as a foreign currency translation adjustment in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) within stockholders’ equity in the consolidated balance sheets. Foreign currency translation adjustments are included in other comprehensive income in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.
Cash and Restricted Cash	Cash and Restricted CashThe Company maintains cash balances that can, at times, exceed amounts insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, which is up to $250,000. The Company has not experienced any losses in these accounts and believes it is not exposed to any significant credit risk in this area. In connection with a new office lease agreement, the Company was required to provide irrevocable, unconditional letter of credit to the landlord upon execution of the lease.
Accounts Receivable	Accounts ReceivableAccounts receivable consist primarily of payments due from customers under the Company’s contracts with customers. The Company performs ongoing credit evaluations of customers to assess the probability of accounts receivable collection based on a number of factors, including past transaction experience with the customer, assessment of their credit history, and review of the invoicing terms of the contract. The Company maintains an allowance for credit losses on customer accounts when deemed necessary. Based on the analysis, the Company recorded an allowance for credit losses as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022.
Concentrations of Credit Risk	Concentrations of Credit Risk At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the financial instruments which potentially expose the Company to concentration of credit risk consist of cash in financial institutions (in excess of federally insured limits) and trade receivables. The Company had certain customers whose revenue individually represented 10% or more of the Company’s total revenue, or whose accounts receivable balances individually represented 10% or more of the Company’s total accounts receivable, as follows: For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, three customers accounted for 30.3%, and one customer accounted for 32.1% of total revenue, respectively. During the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company's top five customers accounted for approximately 38.9% and 54.7%, respectively, of the Company’s total revenue. At December 31, 2023, three customers in aggregate accounted for 60.9% of accounts receivable. At December 31, 2022, three customers in aggregate accounted for 40.6% of accounts receivable. Approximately 74.0% and 53.6% of the Company’s trade accounts receivable balance was with five customers at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The Company estimates its maximum credit risk for accounts receivable at the amount recorded on the balance sheet. The trade accounts receivables are generally short-term and all potential credit losses have been appropriately considered in establishing the allowance for doubtful accounts.
Inventories	InventoriesInventories, consisting primarily of DC chargers, are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value. The Company values its inventories using the first-in, first-out method. Cost includes purchased products. Net realizable value is based on current selling prices less costs of disposal. At December 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022, the Company’s inventories consisted solely of finished goods and components parts, including school buses added as of December 31, 2022, which the Company sold during the year ended December 31, 2023. Should demand for the Company’s products prove to be significantly less than anticipated, the ultimate realizable value of the Company’s inventories could be substantially less than the amount shown on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.
Property and Equipment, Net	Property and Equipment, Net Property and equipment are carried at cost less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is calculated on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the respective asset. Maintenance and repairs are expensed as incurred while betterments are capitalized. Upon sale or disposition of assets, any gain or loss is included in the consolidated statement of operations.
Intangible Assets	Intangible Assets Intangible assets consist of patents which are amortized over the period of estimated benefit using the straight-line method. No significant residual value is estimated for intangible assets.
Impairment of Long-Lived Assets	Impairment of Long-Lived AssetsThe Company evaluates long-lived assets for impairment, including evaluating the useful lives for amortizing intangible assets, whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of an asset may not be recoverable. If the estimated future cash flows (undiscounted and without interest charges) from the use of an asset are less than the carrying value, a write-down would be recorded to reduce the related asset to its estimated fair value.
Investments in Equity Securities Without Readily Determinable Fair Values	Investments in Equity Securities Without Readily Determinable Fair Values Investments in equity securities of nonpublic entities without readily determinable fair values are carried at cost minus impairment, if any, plus or minus changes resulting from observable price changes in orderly transactions for the identical or a similar investment of the same issuer. The Company reviews its equity securities without readily determinable fair values on a regular basis to determine if the investment is impaired. For purposes of this assessment, the Company considers the investee’s cash position, earnings and revenue outlook, liquidity, and management ownership, among other factors, in its review. If management’s assessment indicates that an impairment exists, the Company estimates the fair value of the equity investment and recognizes in current earnings an impairment loss that is equal to the difference between the fair value of the equity investment and its carrying amount. In February 2019, the Company invested in common shares of Dreev SaS, (“Dreev”). Dreev is a nonpublic entity, for which there is no readily determinable fair value. As of December 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022, the Company’s investment in Dreev was accounted for as an investment in equity securities without a readily determinable fair value.
Employee Savings Plan	Employee Savings PlanThe Company maintains a savings plan on behalf of its employees that qualifies under Section 401(k) of the Internal Revenue Code. Participating employees may contribute up to the statutory limits.
Fair Value Measurement	Fair Value Measurement The Company’s financial instruments consist principally of cash, accounts receivable, accounts payable, accrued expenses, and warrants. Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. In determining fair value, the Company utilizes valuation techniques that maximize the use of observable inputs and minimizes the use of unobservable inputs to the extent possible. The Company also considers counterparty risk and its own credit risk in its assessment of fair value. The categorization of financial instruments within the valuation hierarchy is based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The inputs used to measure fair value are prioritized based on a three-level hierarchy. The three levels of inputs used to measure fair value are defined as follows: •Level 1 – Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. •Level 2 – Other inputs that are observable directly or indirectly, such as quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities or market corroborated inputs. •Level 3 – Unobservable inputs are used when little or no market data is available, which requires the Company to develop its own assumptions about how market participants would value the assets or liabilities.
Net Loss Per Share Attributable to Common Stockholders	Net Loss Per Share Attributable to Common Stockholders The Company’s basic net loss per share attributable to common stockholders is calculated by dividing the net loss attributable to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding for the period. The computation of net loss attributable to common stockholders is computed by deducting net earnings or loss attributable to non-controlling interests, preferred dividends on redeemable non-controlling interest, and accretion on preferred shares on redeemable non-controlling interest from the consolidated net earnings or loss (Note 14).
Revenue Recognition	Revenue Recognition The Company recognizes revenue in accordance with the way that depicts the transfer of control of promised products or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled in exchange for those products or services. The Company enters into contracts that can include various combinations of products and services, which are generally distinct and accounted for as separate performance obligations. Revenue is recognized net of allowances for credits and any taxes collected from customers, which are subsequently remitted to governmental authorities. The Company recognizes revenue through the following steps: •Identification of the contract, or contracts, with a customer; •Identification of the performance obligations in the contract; •Determination of the transaction price; •Allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and •Recognition of revenue when, or as, the Company satisfies a performance obligation. The Company’s revenue is primarily derived from sales of EV charging stations, school buses, fees for cloud computing services related to providing access to the Company’s GIVe platform, and fees for extended warranty and maintenance services. The Company also has performed certain software development services and received government grants. GIVe platform access is considered a monthly series comprised of one performance obligation and fees are recognized as revenue in the period the services are provided to and consumed by the customer. The transaction price for each contract is allocated between the identified performance obligations based on relative estimated standalone selling prices. The Company occasionally enters into contracts with customers in which EV charging stations are sold at a discount in exchange for a higher percentage of revenue share from the customer selling energy through the GIVe platform or from carbon credits. Due to the long-term nature of these payment terms, certain contracts are considered to have significant financing components as it relates to the equipment. The Company estimates the effect of any significant financing component and records the revenue associated with the EV charging stations at the estimated present value of the expected stream of payments. As payments are received, the difference between the total payment and the amortized value of the receivable is recorded to interest income in Other income (expense) in the consolidated statements of operations using the effective yield method. Products – The Company sells EV charging stations either on a standalone basis or together with services such as access to the GIVe platform, extended warranty and maintenance services. When the sale of charging station is a distinct performance obligation, revenue is recognized upon delivery. For other customer contracts, the charging stations are sold as part of a solution and are not distinct from the services, and revenue from the charging station is recognized upon completion of installation and commissioning of the equipment. Services – Specific contracts contain licenses to the software that provides the V2G functionality for one- to twelve-year contract periods through access to the Company’s software as a service GIVe platform application. The Company determined that the nature of the GIVe application performance obligation is providing continuous access to its GIVe application for the contract period. Although the activities that the customer may be able to perform via the GIVe application may vary from day to day, the overall promise is to provide continuous access to the GIVe application to the customer for a period of one- to twelve years. Thus, access to the GIVe application represents a series of distinct services that are substantially the same and have the same pattern of transfer to the customer, and the Company has determined that for GIVe SaaS revenue, the best indicator for the transfer of control is the passage of time. The payment terms for some of the Company’s service contracts include revenue sharing arrangements whereby the Company is entitled to the right to receive a portion of the revenue generated by the customer selling energy through the GIVe platform or from carbon credits received as a result of the customer using the GIVe platform. Revenue is recognized as it is received. The Company has entered into various agreements for research and development and software development services. The terms of these arrangements typically include terms whereby the Company receives milestone payments in accordance with the scope of services outlined in the respective agreement or is reimbursed for allowable costs. At the inception of each arrangement that includes milestone payments, the Company evaluates whether a significant reversal of cumulative revenue associated with achieving the milestones is probable and estimates the amount to be included in the transaction price using the most likely amount method. If it is probable that a significant reversal of cumulative revenue would not occur, the associated milestone value is included in the transaction price. The Company applies judgment in evaluating factors such as the scientific, regulatory, commercial, and other risks that must be overcome to achieve a particular milestone in making this assessment. At the end of each subsequent reporting period, the Company reevaluates the probability of achievement of all milestones subject to constraint and, if necessary, adjusts its estimate of the overall transaction price. Any such adjustments are recorded on a cumulative catch-up basis, which would affect revenues and earnings in the period of adjustment. Revenue arising from reimbursed allowable costs are recognized as the costs are submitted and approved by the applicable agency. The Company occasionally sells extended warranty contracts on the charging stations, which includes maintenance of the equipment for a period (e.g., three years, five years, 10 years, 12 years). The warranty provides the customer with assurance that the product will function as intended for the period of the contract and maintenance services related to the equipment. Since the warranty provides a customer with a service in addition to the assurance that the product complies with agreed-upon specifications, the promised service is a performance obligation. Access to the warranty services represent a series of distinct services that are substantially the same and have the same pattern of transfer to the customer, and the Company recognizes warranty revenue ratably with the passage of time. Revenue for certain service contracts, such as third party installation, is recognized on gross basis over time using an input method where progress on the performance obligation is measured based on the proportional actual costs incurred to date relative to the total costs expected to be required to satisfy the performance obligation. Bill-and-hold arrangements - The Company occasionally enters into bill and hold arrangements in which some customers request that billed products that are ready for delivery be held at the Company's warehouse facility for them until shipment at a later date. In this instance, revenue is recognized when; 1) the risks of ownership, including title, have passed to the customer, 2) the product must be identified separately as belonging to the customer, 3) the product currently must be ready for physical transfer to the customer, and 4) the Company does not have the ability to use the product or to direct it to another customer. Grant revenue – The Company has concluded that grants are not within the scope of ASC 606, as government entities do not meet the definition of a “customer” as defined by ASC 606, and as for the grants, there is not considered to be a transfer of control of goods or services to the government entity funding the grant. Additionally, the Company has concluded these government grants meet the definition of a contribution and are non-reciprocal transactions; however, ASC Subtopic 958-605, Not-for-Profit-Entities-Revenue Recognition, does not apply, as the Company is a business entity, and the grants are with a governmental agency. Revenues from each grant are based upon internal costs incurred that are specifically covered by the grant. Revenue is recognized as the Company incurs expenses that are related to the grant. The Company believes this policy is consistent with the overarching premise in ASC 606, to ensure that it recognizes revenues to reflect the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which it expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services, even though there is no “exchange” as defined in the ASC. The Company believes the recognition of revenue as costs are incurred and amounts become earned/realizable is analogous to the concept of transfer of control of a service over time under ASC 606. The Company considers contract modifications to exist when the modification either creates new or makes changes to the existing enforceable rights and obligations. Contract modifications for services that are not distinct from the existing contract are accounted for as if they were part of that existing contract. In these cases, the effect of the contract modification on the transaction price and the measure of progress for the performance obligation to which it relates are recognized as an adjustment to revenue (either as an increase in or a reduction of revenue) on a cumulative catch-up basis. Contract modifications for goods or services that are considered distinct from the existing contract are accounted for as separate contracts. The Company’s contract liabilities consist solely of deferred revenue related to amounts billed or received in advance of services or products delivered.
Cost of Revenue	Cost of Revenue Cost of revenue consists primarily of costs of material, including hardware and software costs, and costs of providing services, including employee compensation and other costs associated with supporting these functions. Cost of revenue does not include depreciation and amortization costs.
Contract Costs	Contract Costs Under ASC Subtopic 340-40, Other Assets and Deferred Costs—Contracts with Customers (“ASC 340-40”), the Company defers all incremental costs, including commissions, and costs incurred to obtain or to perform contracts, and amortizes these costs over the expected period of benefit which is generally the life of the contract. The Company evaluated incremental contract costs for contracts in place as of December 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022 and determined that these costs are recoverable.
Income Taxes	Income Taxes The Company accounts for income taxes under the asset and liability method in accordance with ASC Topic 740, Income Taxes, (“ASC 740”), under which it recognizes deferred income taxes, net of valuation allowances, for net operating losses, tax credit carryforwards, and the estimated future tax effects of temporary differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. The Company evaluates its deferred tax assets quarterly to determine if a valuation allowance is required and considers whether a valuation allowance should be recorded against deferred tax assets based on the likelihood that the benefits of the deferred tax assets will or will not ultimately be realized in future periods. In making this assessment, significant weight is given to evidence that can be objectively verified, such as recent operating results, and less consideration is given to less objective indicators, such as future income projections. After consideration of positive and negative evidence, if the Company determines that it is not more likely than not that it will generate future income sufficient to realize its deferred tax assets, the Company will record a reduction in the valuation allowance. The Company applies certain provisions of ASC 740, which includes a two-step approach to recognizing and measuring uncertain tax positions. The first step is to evaluate the tax position for recognition by determining if the weight of available evidence indicates it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained on audit, including resolution of related appeals or litigation processes, if any. The second step is to measure the tax benefit or obligation as the largest amount that is more than 50% likely of being realized upon ultimate settlement. The Company considers many factors when evaluating and estimating its tax positions and tax benefits, which may require periodic adjustments.
Research and Development	Research and Development The Company expenses research and development costs as incurred. External software development expense is included in research and development costs except for those costs which require capitalization in accordance with GAAP. Certain research and development costs are related to performance on grant contracts.
Share-Based Compensation	Share-Based CompensationThe Company accounts for all share-based compensations costs granted to employees and non-employees under the method prescribed by ASC 718-10, Stock Compensation (Note 12). Stock-based compensation cost is measured based on the estimated grant date fair value of the award and is recognized as expense over the requisite service period. The Company accounts for forfeitures as they occur.
Leases	Leases The Company makes a determination if an arrangement constitutes a lease at inception, and categorizes the lease as either an operating or finance lease. Operating leases are included in right-of-use operating lease assets and operating lease liabilities in the Company's consolidated balance sheets. Finance leases are included in property, plant and equipment, net and other liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets. Leases with an initial term of 12 months or less are not recorded on the consolidated balance sheets. The Company has entered into leases for building facilities and vehicles. The Company’s leases have contractual terms of up to 10 years, some of which have options to extend the lease. For purposes of calculating operating lease liabilities, lease terms are deemed not to include options to extend the lease renewals until it is reasonably certain that the Company will exercise that option. The Company's lease agreements do not contain any material residual value guarantees or material restrictive covenants. Right-of-use lease assets represent the Company's right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent the Company's obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. Operating lease right-of-use assets and liabilities are recognized at commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. As the implicit rate on most of the Company's leases are not reasonable determinable, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at commencement date in determining the present value of lease payments. The Company uses the implicit rate when readily determinable. Lease terms may include options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that the company will exercise that option. Lease expense is primarily recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. The Company has lease agreements with lease and non-lease components, which are combined for certain assets classes.
Recently adopted accounting pronouncements/Recently issued accounting pronouncements not yet adopted	Recently adopted accounting pronouncements In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326) – Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments (“ASU 2016-13”). ASU 2016-13 requires, among other things, the use of a new current expected credit loss ("CECL") model in determining the allowances for doubtful accounts with respect to accounts receivable, accrued straight-line rent receivable, and notes receivable. The CECL model requires that an entity estimate its lifetime expected credit loss with respect to these receivables and record allowances that, when deducted from the balance of the receivables, represent the net amounts expected to be collected. Entities will also be required to disclose information about how the entity developed the allowances, including changes in the factors that influenced its estimate of expected credit losses and the reasons for those changes. The Company adopted the guidance effective beginning January 1, 2023. The adoption of the guidance did not have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements. (ac)Recently issued accounting pronouncements not yet adopted In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280) Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures. ASU 2023-07 requires disclosure of significant segment expenses that are regularly provided to the chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) and included within each reported measure of segment profit or loss, an amount and description of its composition for other segment items to reconcile to segment profit or loss, and the title and position of the Company’s CODM. The amendments in this update also provide new segment disclosure requirements for entities with a single reportable segment, and expand the interim segment disclosure requirements. ASU 2023-07 is effective for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2024. Early adoption is permitted and the amendments in this update are required to be applied on a retrospective basis. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this guidance on its consolidated financial statements. In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740) Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures. ASU 2023-09 requires disclosure of disaggregated income taxes paid in both U.S. and foreign jurisdictions, prescribes standard categories for the components of the effective tax rate reconciliation and modifies other income tax-related disclosures. ASU 2023-09 is effective for the Company’s fiscal year ending December 31, 2025. Early adoption is permitted and the amendments in this update should be applied on a prospective basis, though retrospective adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this guidance on its consolidated financial statements.

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows - USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Operating activities
Net loss	$ (31,296,787)	$ (24,557,506)
Adjustments to reconcile to net loss to net cash used in operating activities
Depreciation and amortization	396,210	289,536
Share-based compensation	4,107,634	5,234,878
Change in fair value of warrants liability	(216,263)	(11,986,462)
Change in fair value of derivative liability	(49,497)	(152,723)
Loss on disposal of asset	862	0
Gains on the from the sale of investments securities	(325,155)	0
Noncash lease expense	476,208	421,183
Change in operating assets and liabilities
Accounts receivable	(634,432)	763,302
Inventory	5,445,390	(433,644)
Prepaid expenses and other assets	(447,604)	(2,072,001)
Accounts payable	(696,098)	(3,346,937)
Accrued expenses and other liabilities	2,191,845	1,340,918
Deferred revenue	(206,641)	417,481
Net cash used in operating activities	(21,254,328)	(34,081,975)
Investing activities
Purchase of property and equipment	(188,433)	(438,045)
Investments in equity securities	0	(1,000,000)
Proceeds from sale of investments in equity securities	1,325,155	0
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities	1,136,722	(1,438,045)
Financing activities
Payment of finance lease obligations	(8,140)	(9,691)
Proceeds from forward option put exercise	0	1,994,073
Proceeds from exercise of pre-funded warrants related to Direct Offering	0	185
Proceeds from Direct Offering of common stock, net of offering costs	4,986,300	13,069,815
Proceeds from common stock offering, net of offering costs	884,586	3,763,494
Proceeds from exercise of stock options	0	245,748
Net cash provided by financing activities	5,862,746	19,063,624
Effect of exchange rate on cash	35,624	(50,228)
Net increase (decrease) in cash and restricted cash	(14,219,236)	(16,506,624)
Cash and restricted cash at beginning of year	16,233,896	32,740,520
Cash and restricted cash at end of year	2,014,660	16,233,896
Supplemental Disclosure of cash information:
Cash paid for income taxes	0	0
Supplemental Disclosure of Noncash Investing Activity
Transfer of inventory to property and equipment	$ 216,988	$ 0

Intangible Assets (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
Intangible Assets (Details) - USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]
Gross intangible asset	$ 2,091,556	$ 2,091,556
Amortization expense of intangible assets	139,437	139,437
Finite-lived intangible assets, accumulated amortization	889,353	$ 749,916
Finite-lived intangible assets, net	$ 1,202,203
Acquire finite-lived intangible assets, weighted average useful life	8 years 9 months 18 days

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Schedule of assets and liabilities included in the company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets

The following table summarizes the carrying amounts of Levo assets and liabilities included in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets:


	December 31, 2023		December 31, 2022
Assets

Cash	$	27,337	$	27,629




Prepaid expenses and other current assets	1,363		59,794








Total Assets	$	28,700	$	87,423

Liabilities

Accounts payable	$	8,380	$	8,165
Accrued expenses and dividend payable	620,421		$	336,713






Derivative liability - non-controlling redeemable preferred shares	309,728		359,225

Total Liabilities	$	938,529	$	704,103

- Definition

Tabular disclosure of the significant judgments and assumptions made in determining whether a variable interest (as defined) held by the entity requires the variable interest entity (VIE) (as defined) to be consolidated and (or) disclose information about its involvement with the VIE, individually or in aggregate (as applicable); the nature of restrictions, if any, on the consolidated VIE's assets and on the settlement of its liabilities reported by an entity in its statement of financial position, including the carrying amounts of such assets and liabilities; the nature of, and changes in, the risks associated with involvement in the VIE; how involvement with the VIE affects the entity's financial position, financial performance, and cash flows; the lack of recourse if creditors (or beneficial interest holders) of the consolidated VIE have no recourse to the general credit of the primary beneficiary (if applicable); the terms of arrangements, giving consideration to both explicit arrangements and implicit variable interests, if any, that could require the entity to provide financial support to the VIE, including events or circumstances that could expose the entity to a loss; the methodology used by the entity for determining whether or not it is the primary beneficiary of the variable interest entity; the significant factors considered and judgments made in determining that the power to direct the activities of a VIE that most significantly impact the VIE's economic performance are shared (as defined); the carrying amounts and classification of assets and liabilities of the VIE included in the statement of financial position; the entity's maximum exposure to loss, if any, as a result of its involvement with the VIE, including how the maximum exposure is determined and significant sources of the entity's exposure to the VIE; a comparison of the carrying amounts of the assets and liabilities and the entity's maximum exposure to loss; information about any liquidity arrangements, guarantees, and (or) other commitments by third parties that may affect the fair value or risk of the entity's variable interest in the VIE; whether or not the entity has provided financial support or other support (explicitly or implicitly) to the VIE that it was not previously contractually required to provide or whether the entity intends to provide that support, including the type and amount of the support and the primary reasons for providing the support; and supplemental information the entity determines necessary to provide.

+ References + Details

Non-Controlling Interest - Non-controlling interests presented as a separate component of stockholders’ equity (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Equity, Attributable to Noncontrolling Interest [Roll Forward]
Beginning Balance	$ (3,950,186)
Add: net loss attributable to non-controlling interests	(12,456)	$ (538,841)
Preferred dividends - non-controlling interest	285,595	263,846
Non-controlling interests	(4,894,101)	(3,950,186)
Levo Mobility LLC
Equity, Attributable to Noncontrolling Interest [Roll Forward]
Beginning Balance	(3,950,186)	(2,501,633)
Add: net loss attributable to non-controlling interests	(12,456)	(538,841)
Preferred dividends - non-controlling interest	285,595	263,846
Preferred share accretion adjustment	645,864	645,866
Non-controlling interests	$ (4,894,101)	$ (3,950,186)

- Definition

Amount of equity (deficit) attributable to noncontrolling interest. Excludes temporary equity.

+ References

+ Details

- Definition

Amount of Net Income (Loss) attributable to noncontrolling interest.

+ References + Details

Income Taxes

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]

Income Taxes


Income (loss) before taxes includes the following components:
	Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022
United States	$	(29,832,486)	$	(22,719,272)
Foreign	(1,462,701)		(1,837,434)
Total income (loss) before income taxes	(31,295,187)		(24,556,706)

Income tax expense is summarized as follows:


	Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022
Federal	$	—	$	—
State	1,600		800
Current income tax expense	1,600		800

Federal	—		—
State	—		—
Deferred income tax expense	$	—	$	—

Income tax expense	$	1,600	$	800

The reconciliation between the income tax expense and the amount computed by applying the statutory federal tax rate of 21% to loss before taxes is as follows:


	Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022
Federal income tax benefit at statutory federal tax rate	$	(6,571,989)	$	(5,160,372)
State income tax, net of federal benefit	(1,867,043)		(823,890)


Noncontrolling interest	2,616		113,157
Stock compensation	(781,075)		624,065
Change in fair value of warrants	(45,415)		(2,517,157)

Change in valuation allowance	9,298,929		7,666,631
Finance costs	(41,391)		54,802
Other	6,968		43,564
Income tax expense	$	1,600	$	800

Significant components of the Company’s deferred tax assets (liabilities) are as follows:


	Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022
Equity investment	$	(467,463)	$	(489,911)
Accrued liabilities and other	3,300,936		1,118,256
Right-of-use assets	(1,261,194)		(1,246,870)
Lease liabilities	1,434,002		1,389,893
Research and experimental expenditures	2,689,390		1,507,144
Net operating losses	21,654,440		15,772,670
Net deferred tax assets (liabilities) before valuation allowance	27,350,111		18,051,182
Valuation allowance	(27,350,111)		(18,051,182)
Net deferred tax assets (liabilities)	$	—	$	—

As of December 31, 2023, the Company had federal net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $79,116,000 and state net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $43,534,000. Of the federal net operating loss carryforwards, $3,070,000 will begin to expire in 2034, and the remainder do not expire. The state net operating loss carryforwards will begin to expire in 2034. Pursuant to Internal Revenue Code Sections 382 and 383, use of the Company’s net operating loss and credit carryforwards may be limited if a cumulative change in ownership of more than 50% occurs within any three-year period since the last ownership change. The Company believes that there has not been a change in control under these Sections. However, the Company does not anticipate performing a complete analysis of the limitation on the annual use of the net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards until the time that it projects that it will be able to utilize these tax attributes.

A valuation allowance of $27,350,111 as of December 31, 2023, has been established against the Company’s deferred tax assets as it is more likely than not such assets will not be realized. The valuation allowance increased by $9,298,929 during the year ended December 31, 2023. In assessing if the deferred tax assets will be realized, the Company considers whether it is more likely than not that some or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. In determining whether the deferred taxes are realizable, the Company considers the period of expiration of the tax asset, historical and projected taxable income, and tax liabilities for the tax jurisdiction in which the tax asset is located. Valuation allowances are provided to reduce the amounts of deferred tax assets to an amount that is more likely than not to be realized based on an assessment of positive and negative evidence, including estimates of future taxable income necessary to realize future deductible amounts.

As of December 31, 2023, the Company does not have any unrecognized tax benefits related to various federal and state income tax matters. The Company will recognize accrued interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits in income tax expense. The Company does not anticipate material unrecognized tax benefits within the next 12 months.

The Company is subject to U.S. federal and state income tax as well as income tax in various foreign countries. Due to net operating loss carryforwards from earlier years, the Company’s U.S. income tax returns are open to audit for the years ended December 31, 2014 through 2023. The Company’s foreign income tax returns are open to audit for the years ended December 31, 2017 through 2023.

- Definition

The entire disclosure for income taxes. Disclosures may include net deferred tax liability or asset recognized in an enterprise's statement of financial position, net change during the year in the total valuation allowance, approximate tax effect of each type of temporary difference and carryforward that gives rise to a significant portion of deferred tax liabilities and deferred tax assets, utilization of a tax carryback, and tax uncertainties information.

+ References

Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 946
-SubTopic 20
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 13
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147480990/946-20-50-13

Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 235
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section S99
-Paragraph 1
-Subparagraph (SX 210.4-08(h)(2))
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147480678/235-10-S99-1

Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 740
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org//740/tableOfContent

Reference 4: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 740
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 14
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147482685/740-10-50-14

Reference 5: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 740
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 21
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147482685/740-10-50-21

Reference 6: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 740
-SubTopic 270
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 1
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147482526/740-270-50-1

Reference 7: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 740
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 17
-Subparagraph (b)
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147482685/740-10-50-17

Reference 8: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 740
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section S99
-Paragraph 1
-Subparagraph (SAB TOPIC 6.I.5.Q1)
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147479360/740-10-S99-1

Reference 9: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 740
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section S99
-Paragraph 2
-Subparagraph (SAB Topic 11.C)
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147479360/740-10-S99-2

Reference 10: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 740
-SubTopic 30
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 2
-Subparagraph (a)
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147482603/740-30-50-2

+ Details

Share-Based Compensation

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Share-Based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]

Share-Based Compensation

In 2010, the Company adopted the 2010 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2010 Plan”), which provides for the grant of restricted stock awards, stock options, and other share-based awards to employees, consultants, and directors. In November 2020, the Company’s Board of Directors extended the term of the 2010 Plan to July 1, 2021. In 2021, the Company adopted the 2020 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2020 Plan”), which provides for the grant of restricted stock awards, incentive and non-statutory stock options, and other share-based awards to employees, consultants, and directors. In June 2023, the 2020 Plan was amended, as approved by shareholders, to increase the common shares reserved for issuance under the plan by 100,000 shares. As of December 31, 2023, there is an aggregate of 182,500 common shares reserved for issuance under the 2020 Plan. All options granted to date have a ten year contractual life and vesting terms of four years. In general, vested options expire if not exercised 90 days after termination of service. Forfeitures are accounted for as it occurs. As of December 31, 2023, a total of 52,750 shares of common stock remained available for future issuance under the 2020 Plan.

Share-based compensation expense recognized in selling, general, and administrative, and research and development are as follows:


	Years Ended December 31,
		2023		2022
Options		$	2,676,963	$	2,566,437
Restricted stock		1,616,782		2,395,580
Stock options - modified options		43,139		68,049
Profit interest units		(229,250)		445,479
Total		$	4,107,634	$	5,475,545

The Company uses the Black-Scholes option pricing model to estimate the fair value of stock options. Fair value is estimated at the date of grant for employee and nonemployee options. The following assumptions were used in the Black-Scholes option pricing model to calculate the fair value of stock options granted for the year ended December 31, 2023 the 2020 Plan.


	2020 Plan
Expected life of options (in years) (1)	7.0
Dividend yield (2)	0	%
Risk-free interest rate (3)	4.61	%
Volatility (4)	79.6	%

__________________

(1)The expected life of options is the average of the contractual term of the options and the vesting period.

(3)The risk-free interest rate is based on the yields on U.S. Treasury debt securities with maturities approximating the estimated life of the options.

The following is a summary of the stock option activity under the 2010 Plan for the year ended December 31, 2023:


	Shares	Weighted- Average Exercise Price per Share($)	Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Term (Years)	Aggregate Intrinsic Value($)
Outstanding - December 31, 2022	21,338	116.40	5.70	—
Granted	—	—	—	—
Exercised	—	—	—	—
Forfeited	(210)	278.80	—	—
Expired/Cancelled	(2,013)	213.52	—	—
Outstanding - December 31, 2023	19,115	102.75	3.53	—

Options Exercisable at December 31, 2023	19,062	102.10	3.52	—
Option Vested at December 31, 2023	19,062	102.10	3.52	—

There were no options granted during the year ended December 31, 2023.

The following is a summary of the stock option activity under the 2020 Plan for the year ended December 31, 2023:


	Shares	Weighted- Average Exercise Price per Share ($)	Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Term (Years)	Aggregate Intrinsic Value($)
Outstanding - December 31, 2022	42,778	468.40	8.46	—
Granted	18,020	9.07	5.73	—
Exercised	—	—	—	—
Forfeited	(2,191)	152.20	—	—
Expired/Cancelled	(715)	357.85	—	—
Outstanding - December 31, 2023	57,892	338.67	7.91	—

Options Exercisable at December 31, 2023	27,565	469.58	7.53	—
Option Vested at December 31, 2023	27,565	469.58	7.53	—

The weighted-average grant-date fair value of options granted during the year ended December 31, 2023 was $5.14.

During the year ended December 31, 2021, 41,000 options were modified to lower the exercise price by $24.00 per share, which will result in $246,000 of incremental compensation cost to be recognized over the remaining vesting period. The amount of additional compensation expense for the year ended December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, was $43,139 and $68,049, respectively.

Other Information:


	Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022
Amount received from option exercised	$	—	$	245,748

	December 31, 2023				Weighted average remaining recognition period
Total unrecognized options compensation costs	$	3,383,406			1.42

No amounts relating to the 2010 Plan or 2020 Plan have been capitalized.

A summary of the status of the Company’s nonvested restricted stock units as of December 31, 2022, and changes during the year ended December 31, 2023, is presented below:


	Shares	Weighted- Average Grant Date Fair Value($)
Nonvested at December 31, 2022	10,906	257.20
Granted (1)	72,568	22.40
Vested/Release	(71,721)	44.32
Cancelled/Forfeited	(1,446)	184.40
Nonvested and Outstanding at December 31, 2023	10,307	98.03

__________________

(1) Includes 54,604 shares awarded for the 2022 employee annual bonus with fair value of $1,215,957 issued during the year ended December 31, 2023.

As of December 31, 2023, there was $391,601 of total unrecognized compensation cost related to nonvested restricted stock. The Company expects to recognize this compensation cost over a remaining weighted-average period of approximately 0.71 years.

Non-Controlling Interest - Redeemable noncontrolling interest reconciliation (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Increase (Decrease) in Temporary Equity [Roll Forward]
Ending balance	$ 2,640,394
Redeemable non controlling interests
Increase (Decrease) in Temporary Equity [Roll Forward]
Beginning balance	3,547,765	$ 2,901,899
Preferred share accretion adjustment	645,864	645,866
Ending balance	$ 4,193,629	$ 3,547,765

Income Taxes - Income Tax Expense (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
Income Taxes - Income Tax Expense (Details) - USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Current Income Tax Expense (Benefit), Continuing Operations [Abstract]
Federal	$ 0	$ 0
State	1,600	800
Current income tax expense	1,600	800
Deferred Income Tax Expense (Benefit), Continuing Operations [Abstract]
Federal	0	0
State	0	0
Deferred income tax expense	0	0
Income tax expense	$ 1,600	$ 800

- Definition

Amount of current income tax expense (benefit) and deferred income tax expense (benefit) pertaining to continuing operations.

+ References + Details

Share-Based Compensation - Schedule of nonvested restricted stock units (Details) - USD ($)	9 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2023
Restricted Stock Units (RSUs)
Shares
Beginning balance (in Shares)	10,906	10,906
Granted (in Shares)		72,568
Vested/Release (in Shares)		(71,721)
Cancelled/Forfeited (in Shares)		(1,446)
Ending balance (in Shares)		10,307
Weighted- Average Grant Date Fair Value($)
Beginning balance (in Dollars per share)	$ 257.20	$ 257.20
Granted (in Dollars per share)		22.40
Vested/Release (in Dollars per share)		44.32
Cancelled/Forfeited (in Dollars per share)		184.40
Ending balance (in Dollars per share)		$ 98.03
2022 Employee Annual Bonus
Weighted- Average Grant Date Fair Value($)
Granted (in Shares)	54,604
Options granted, fair value	$ 1,215,957

Net Loss Per Share Attributable to Common Stockholders - Schedule of Diluted Net Loss Attributable to Nuvve common stockholders (Details) - shares	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Antidilutive securities excluded from the computation of earnings per share (in Shares)	677,025	515,671
Stock options issued and outstanding
Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Antidilutive securities excluded from the computation of earnings per share (in Shares)	69,059	65,123
Nonvested restricted stock issued and outstanding
Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Antidilutive securities excluded from the computation of earnings per share (in Shares)	11,170	23,957
Public Warrants
Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Antidilutive securities excluded from the computation of earnings per share (in Shares)	71,875	71,875
Private Warrants
Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Antidilutive securities excluded from the computation of earnings per share (in Shares)	3,406	3,406
PIPE warrants
Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Antidilutive securities excluded from the computation of earnings per share (in Shares)	33,844	33,844
Stonepeak and Evolve warrants
Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Antidilutive securities excluded from the computation of earnings per share (in Shares)	150,000	150,000
Stonepeak and Evolve options
Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Antidilutive securities excluded from the computation of earnings per share (in Shares)	125,000	125,000
Institutional/Accredited Investor Pre-Funded Warrants
Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Antidilutive securities excluded from the computation of earnings per share (in Shares)	112,671	0
Institutional/Accredited Investor Warrants
Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Antidilutive securities excluded from the computation of earnings per share (in Shares)	100,000	42,466

Share-Based Compensation - Schedule of stock option activity (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Shares
Granted, (in Shares)	0
2010 Plan
Shares
Beginning balance (in Shares)	21,338
Granted, (in Shares)	0
Exercised (in Shares)	0
Forfeited (in Shares)	(210)
Expired/Cancelled (in Shares)	(2,013)
Ending balance (in Shares)	19,115	21,338
Options exercisable (in Shares)	19,062
Options vested (in Shares)	19,062
Weighted- Average Exercise Price per Share($)
Beginning balance (in Dollars per share)	$ 116.40
Granted (in Dollars per share)	0
Exercised (in Dollars per share)	0
Forfeited (in Dollars per share)	278.80
Expired/Cancelled (in Dollars per share)	213.52
Ending balance (in Dollars per share)	102.75	$ 116.40
Options exercisable (in dollars per share)	102.10
Options vested (in Dollars per share)	$ 102.10
Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Term (Years)
Outstanding, weighted-average remaining contractual term	3 years 6 months 10 days	5 years 8 months 12 days
Options exercisable, weighted average remaining contractual term	3 years 6 months 7 days
Options vested, weighted average remaining contractual term	3 years 6 months 7 days
Aggregate Intrinsic Value($)
Outstanding	$ 0	$ 0
Exercisable	0
Vested	$ 0
2020 Plan
Shares
Beginning balance (in Shares)	42,778
Granted, (in Shares)	18,020
Exercised (in Shares)	0
Forfeited (in Shares)	(2,191)
Expired/Cancelled (in Shares)	(715)
Ending balance (in Shares)	57,892	42,778
Options exercisable (in Shares)	27,565
Options vested (in Shares)	27,565
Weighted- Average Exercise Price per Share($)
Beginning balance (in Dollars per share)	$ 468.40
Granted (in Dollars per share)	9.07
Exercised (in Dollars per share)	0
Forfeited (in Dollars per share)	152.20
Expired/Cancelled (in Dollars per share)	357.85
Ending balance (in Dollars per share)	338.67	$ 468.40
Options exercisable (in dollars per share)	469.58
Options vested (in Dollars per share)	$ 469.58
Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Term (Years)
Outstanding, weighted-average remaining contractual term	7 years 10 months 28 days	8 years 5 months 15 days
Granted, weighted-average remaining contractual term	5 years 8 months 23 days
Options exercisable, weighted average remaining contractual term	7 years 6 months 10 days
Options vested, weighted average remaining contractual term	7 years 6 months 10 days
Aggregate Intrinsic Value($)
Outstanding	$ 0	$ 0
Exercisable	0
Vested	$ 0

Cover - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
Cover - USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2023	Mar. 21, 2024	Jun. 30, 2023
Document Information [Line Items]
Document Type	10-K
Document Annual Report	true
Document Period End Date	Dec. 31, 2023
Current Fiscal Year End Date	--12-31
Document Transition Report	false
Entity File Number	001-40296
Entity Registrant Name	NUVVE HOLDING CORP.
Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code	DE
Entity Tax Identification Number	86-1617000
Entity Address, Address Line One	2488 Historic Decatur Road, Suite 200
Entity Address, City or Town	San Diego,
Entity Address, State or Province	CA
Entity Address, Postal Zip Code	92106
City Area Code	(619)
Local Phone Number	456-5161
Entity Well-known Seasoned Issuer	No
Entity Voluntary Filers	No
Entity Current Reporting Status	Yes
Entity Interactive Data Current	Yes
Entity Filer Category	Non-accelerated Filer
Entity Small Business	true
Entity Emerging Growth Company	true
Entity Ex Transition Period	false
ICFR Auditor Attestation Flag	false
Document Financial Statement Error Correction	false
Entity Shell Company	false
Entity Public Float			$ 16,607,430
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding		6,069,914
Documents Incorporated by Reference	Specified portions of the registrant’s definitive proxy statement to be filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) pursuant to Regulation 14A in connection with the registrant’s 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders (the “Proxy Statement”) are incorporated by reference into Part III of this report. Such Proxy Statement will be filed with the SEC not later than 120 days after the conclusion of the registrant’s year ended December 31, 2023.
Amendment Flag	false
Entity Central Index Key	0001836875
Document Fiscal Year Focus	2023
Document Fiscal Period Focus	FY
Common Stock
Document Information [Line Items]
Title of 12(b) Security	Common Stock, par value $0.0001 per share
Trading Symbol	NVVE
Security Exchange Name	NASDAQ
Warrants
Document Information [Line Items]
Title of 12(b) Security	Warrants to Purchase Common Stock
Trading Symbol	NVVEW
Security Exchange Name	NASDAQ

Income Taxes (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]

Schedule of components of income (loss) before taxes


Income (loss) before taxes includes the following components:
	Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022
United States	$	(29,832,486)	$	(22,719,272)
Foreign	(1,462,701)		(1,837,434)
Total income (loss) before income taxes	(31,295,187)		(24,556,706)

Schedule of income tax expense

Income tax expense is summarized as follows:


	Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022
Federal	$	—	$	—
State	1,600		800
Current income tax expense	1,600		800

Federal	—		—
State	—		—
Deferred income tax expense	$	—	$	—

Income tax expense	$	1,600	$	800

Schedule of reconciliation of the income tax expense

The reconciliation between the income tax expense and the amount computed by applying the statutory federal tax rate of 21% to loss before taxes is as follows:


	Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022
Federal income tax benefit at statutory federal tax rate	$	(6,571,989)	$	(5,160,372)
State income tax, net of federal benefit	(1,867,043)		(823,890)


Noncontrolling interest	2,616		113,157
Stock compensation	(781,075)		624,065
Change in fair value of warrants	(45,415)		(2,517,157)

Change in valuation allowance	9,298,929		7,666,631
Finance costs	(41,391)		54,802
Other	6,968		43,564
Income tax expense	$	1,600	$	800

Schedule of deferred tax assets and liabilities

Significant components of the Company’s deferred tax assets (liabilities) are as follows:


	Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022
Equity investment	$	(467,463)	$	(489,911)
Accrued liabilities and other	3,300,936		1,118,256
Right-of-use assets	(1,261,194)		(1,246,870)
Lease liabilities	1,434,002		1,389,893
Research and experimental expenditures	2,689,390		1,507,144
Net operating losses	21,654,440		15,772,670
Net deferred tax assets (liabilities) before valuation allowance	27,350,111		18,051,182
Valuation allowance	(27,350,111)		(18,051,182)
Net deferred tax assets (liabilities)	$	—	$	—

Consolidated Balance Sheets - USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Current Assets
Cash	$ 1,534,660	$ 15,753,896
Restricted cash	480,000	480,000
Accounts receivable, net	1,724,899	1,090,467
Inventories	5,889,453	11,551,831
Prepaid expenses	994,719	1,487,582
Deferred costs	1,667,602	1,171,262
Other current assets	751,412	314,528
Total Current Assets	13,042,745	31,849,566
Property and equipment, net	766,264	636,944
Intangible assets, net	1,202,203	1,341,640
Investment in equity securities	670,951	1,670,951
Investment in leases	112,255	97,054
Right-of-use operating lease assets	4,839,526	5,305,881
Financing receivables	288,872	288,872
Security deposit, long-term	27,690	8,682
Total Assets	20,950,506	41,199,590
Current Liabilities
Accounts payable	1,694,325	2,390,422
Accrued expenses	4,632,101	3,347,399
Deferred revenue	1,030,056	1,221,497
Operating lease liabilities - current	856,250	824,326
Other liabilities	105,141	113,844
Total Current Liabilities	8,317,873	7,897,488
Operating lease liabilities - noncurrent	4,646,383	5,090,170
Warrants liability	4,621	220,884
Derivative liability - non-controlling redeemable preferred shares	309,728	359,225
Other long-term liabilities	681,438	393,179
Total Liabilities	13,960,043	13,960,946
Commitments and Contingencies
Mezzanine equity
Redeemable non-controlling interests, preferred shares, zero par value, 1,000,000 shares authorized, 3,138 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022; aggregate liquidation preference of $3,750,201 and $3,464,606 at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.	4,193,629	3,547,765
Stockholders’ Equity
Common stock, $0.0001 par value, 100,000,000 shares authorized; 1,246,589 and 606,804 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively	5,927	2,427
Additional paid-in capital	155,615,962	144,073,505
Accumulated other comprehensive income	93,676	76,182
Accumulated deficit	(148,240,859)	(116,956,528)
Nuvve Holding Corp. Stockholders’ Equity	7,474,706	27,195,586
Equity, Attributable to Noncontrolling Interest	(4,894,101)	(3,950,186)
Total Stockholders’ Equity	2,580,605	23,245,400
Total Liabilities, Mezzanine equity and Stockholders’ Equity	20,950,506	41,199,590
Class D Incentive Units
Mezzanine equity
Class D Incentive units, zero par value, 1,000,000 units authorized, 50,000 and 250,000 units issued and outstanding at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.	216,229	445,479
Cumulative Preferred Stock
Stockholders’ Equity
Preferred stock, value, issued	$ 0	$ 0

Organization and Description of Business (Details)			12 Months Ended
Organization and Description of Business (Details)	Jan. 19, 2024	Jan. 05, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023 subsidiary
Consolidation, Less than Wholly Owned Subsidiary, Parent Ownership Interest, Effects of Changes, Net [Line Items]
Company ownership			100.00%
Subsequent Event
Consolidation, Less than Wholly Owned Subsidiary, Parent Ownership Interest, Effects of Changes, Net [Line Items]
Stock conversion ratio	0.025
Minimum \| Subsequent Event
Consolidation, Less than Wholly Owned Subsidiary, Parent Ownership Interest, Effects of Changes, Net [Line Items]
Stock conversion ratio		0.50
Maximum \| Subsequent Event
Consolidation, Less than Wholly Owned Subsidiary, Parent Ownership Interest, Effects of Changes, Net [Line Items]
Stock conversion ratio		0.025
Nuvve
Consolidation, Less than Wholly Owned Subsidiary, Parent Ownership Interest, Effects of Changes, Net [Line Items]
Number of wholly owned subsidiaries			2
Nuvve Corp.
Consolidation, Less than Wholly Owned Subsidiary, Parent Ownership Interest, Effects of Changes, Net [Line Items]
Number of wholly owned subsidiaries			4

Consolidated Balance Sheets (Parentheticals) - USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Temporary equity, par value (in Dollars per share)	$ 0	$ 0
Temporary equity, shares authorized (in Shares)	1,000,000	1,000,000
Temporary equity, shares issued (in Shares)	3,138	3,138
Temporary equity, shares outstanding (in Shares)	3,138	3,138
Temporary equity, liquidation preference	$ 3,750,201	$ 3,464,606
Preferred stock par value (in Dollars per share)	$ 0.0001
Preferred stock, shares authorized (in Shares)	1,000,000
Preferred stock, shares issued (in Shares)	0
Preferred stock, shares outstanding (in Shares)	0
Common stock par value (in Dollars per share)	$ 0.0001	$ 0.0001
Common stock, shares authorized (in Shares)	100,000,000	100,000,000
Common stock, shares issued (in Shares)	1,246,589	606,804
Common stock, shares outstanding (in Shares)	1,246,589	606,804
Cumulative Preferred Stock
Preferred stock par value (in Dollars per share)	$ 0.0001	$ 0.0001
Preferred stock, shares authorized (in Shares)	1,000,000	1,000,000
Preferred stock, shares issued (in Shares)	0	0
Preferred stock, shares outstanding (in Shares)	0	0
Class D Incentive Units
Temporary equity, par value (in Dollars per share)	$ 0	$ 0
Temporary equity, shares authorized (in Shares)	1,000,000	1,000,000
Temporary equity, shares issued (in Shares)	50,000	250,000
Temporary equity, shares outstanding (in Shares)	50,000	250,000

Income Taxes - Income Tax Reconciliation (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]
Federal income tax benefit at statutory federal tax rate	$ (6,571,989)	$ (5,160,372)
State income tax, net of federal benefit	(1,867,043)	(823,890)
Noncontrolling interest	2,616	113,157
Stock compensation	(781,075)	624,065
Change in fair value of warrants	(45,415)	(2,517,157)
Change in valuation allowance	9,298,929	7,666,631
Finance costs	(41,391)	54,802
Other	6,968	43,564
Income tax expense	$ 1,600	$ 800

Commitments and Contingencies - Narrative (Details)				1 Months Ended	2 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
Commitments and Contingencies - Narrative (Details)	Feb. 02, 2024 USD ($)	Nov. 01, 2023 USD ($) bus	Nov. 17, 2017 USD ($)	Nov. 30, 2017 USD ($)	Nov. 30, 2021 USD ($) bus	Dec. 31, 2023 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($)	Jul. 20, 2021 USD ($)	Sep. 01, 2016 USD ($)
Other Commitments [Line Items]
Installment amount						$ 266,667	$ 400,000		$ 400,000
Useful Lives						20 years
Royalty expense, aggregate amount under agreement						$ 700,000
Royalty expense						0	$ 0
Acquisition costs, amortization period				15 years
Investment						270,000
Purchase obligation								$ 13,200,000
Number of school buses purchased \| bus					5
Number of school buses in dispute \| bus					4
Storage fees in dispute					$ 450,000
Number of buses granted release by the court \| bus		4
Number of buses with MSO's \| bus		5
Injunction bond		$ 550,000
Preliminary injunction, notice period		7 days
Subsequent Event
Other Commitments [Line Items]
Loss contingency, accrual current	$ 460,000
Loss Contingency, Accrual Payment Period	15 days
Loss Contingency, accrual noncurrent	$ 2,400,000
Loss contingency, accrual payments percentage	50.00%
Loss contingency minimum payment upon shipment, period	12 months
Loss contingency remaining payment upon shipment, period	24 months
Related Party
Other Commitments [Line Items]
Related party debt outstanding						$ 341,713
IP Acquisition Agreement
Other Commitments [Line Items]
Asset acquisition, upfront payment				$ 500,000
Asset acquisition, equity consideration transferred				1,491,556
Asset acquisition, consideration transferred				$ 1,991,556
Royalties payments			$ 7,500,000

Revenue Recognition - Narrative (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
Revenue Recognition - Narrative (Details) - USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Deferred Revenue Arrangement [Line Items]
Total revenue	$ 8,332,162	$ 5,373,383
Products
Deferred Revenue Arrangement [Line Items]
Total revenue	5,843,187	4,129,246
Customer For Which Company has Control of Transfer of Equipment \| Products
Deferred Revenue Arrangement [Line Items]
Total revenue		$ 609,860
Customer For Which Company has Control of Transfer of Equipment \| Products \| Trade receivables
Deferred Revenue Arrangement [Line Items]
Total revenue	320,988
Customer For Which Company has Control of Transfer of Equipment \| Products \| Financing Receivable
Deferred Revenue Arrangement [Line Items]
Total revenue	$ 288,872

- Definition

+ References

+ Details

Income Taxes - Income (Loss) before Income Taxes (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]
United States	$ (29,832,486)	$ (22,719,272)
Foreign	(1,462,701)	(1,837,434)
Loss before taxes	$ (31,295,187)	$ (24,556,706)

Fair Value Measurements

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]

Fair Value Measurements


	Level 1: Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets		Level 2: Significant Other Observable Inputs		Level 3: Significant Unobservable Inputs		Total at December 31, 2023		Total Gains (Losses) For The Year Ended December 31, 2023
Recurring fair value measurements
Private warrants	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	2,000
Stonepeak and Evolve unvested warrants	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Institutional/Accredited Investor Warrants	$	—	$	—	$	4,621	$	4,621	$	214,263
Derivative liability - non-controlling redeemable preferred shares	$	—	$	—	$	309,728	$	309,728	$	49,497
Total recurring fair value measurements	$	—	$	—	$	314,349	$	314,349	$	265,760


	Level 1: Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets		Level 2: Significant Other Observable Inputs		Level 3: Significant Unobservable Inputs		Total at December 31, 2022		Total Gains (Losses) For The Year Ended December 31, 2022
Recurring fair value measurements
Private warrants	$	—	$	—	$	2,000	$	2,000	$	864,000
Stonepeak and Evolve unvested warrants	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	8,677,000
Institutional/Accredited Investor Warrants	$	—	$	—	$	218,884	$	218,884	$	2,445,462
Derivative liability - non-controlling redeemable preferred shares	$	—	$	—	$	359,225	$	359,225	$	152,723
Total recurring fair value measurements	$	—	$	—	$	580,109	$	580,109	$	12,139,185


	Private Warrants		Stonepeak and Evolve unvested warrants		Institutional/Accredited Investor Warrants		Non-controlling redeemable preferred shares - derivative liability
Balance at December 31, 2022	$	2,000	$	—	$	218,884	$	359,225






Initial fair value
Total (gains) losses for period included in earnings	(2,000)		—		(214,263)		(49,497)
Balance at December 31, 2023	$	—	$	—	$	4,621	$	309,728

The fair value of the level 3 Private Warrants was estimated at December 31, 2023 using the Black-Scholes model which used the following inputs: term of 2.2 years, risk free rate of 4.2%, no dividends, volatility of 60.0%, and strike price of $460.00.

The fair value of the level 3 Private Warrants was estimated at December 31, 2022 using the Black-Scholes model which used the following inputs: term of 3.2 years, risk free rate of 4.2%, no dividends, volatility of 67.0%, and strike price of $460.00.

The fair value of the level 3 Institutional/Accredited Investor Warrants was estimated at December 31, 2023 using the Black-Scholes model which used the following inputs: term of 4.1 years, risk free rate of 3.92%, no dividends, volatility of 63.0%, common stock price of $0.12 and strike price of $150.00.

The fair value of the level 3 Institutional/Accredited Investor Warrants was estimated at December 31, 2022 using the Black-Scholes model which used the following inputs: term of 5.1 years, risk free rate of 3.97%, no dividends, volatility of 62.0%, common stock price of $0.50 and strike price of $150.00.

The fair value of the level 3 derivative liability - non-controlling redeemable preferred shares are estimated at December 31, 2023 using the Monte Carlo Simulation model which used the following inputs: terms range from 0.6 years to 7.0 years, risk free rate of 3.9%, no dividends, volatility of 79.0% and probability of redemptions triggered of 75.0%.

The fair value of the level 3 derivative liability - non-controlling redeemable preferred shares are estimated at December 31, 2022 using the Monte Carlo Simulation model which used the following inputs: terms range from 1.6 years to 7.0 years, risk free rate of 4.00%, no dividends, volatility of 63.0% and probability of redemptions triggered of 75.0%.

There were no transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy in 2023 and 2022.

Cash, accounts receivable, accounts payable, and accrued expenses are generally carried on the cost basis, which management believes approximates fair value due to the short-term maturity of these instruments.

Series C Unvested Warrants

Series D Unvested Warrants

Series E Unvested Warrants

Series F Unvested Warrants

Fair value (in millions)

$—

Valuation methodology

Monte Carlo Simulation & Black Scholes

Capital expenditure forecast (in millions)

$—

Probability of warrants vesting (a)

—%

__________________


	Series C Unvested Warrants	Series D Unvested Warrants	Series E Unvested Warrants	Series F Unvested Warrants
Fair value (in millions)	$—	$—	$—	$—
Valuation methodology	Monte Carlo Simulation & Black Scholes	Monte Carlo Simulation & Black Scholes	Monte Carlo Simulation & Black Scholes	Monte Carlo Simulation & Black Scholes
Term (years)	8.40	8.40	8.40	8.40
Risk free rate	3.9%	3.9%	3.9%	3.9%
Exercise price	$600.0	$800.0	$1,200.0	$1,600.0
Volatility	56.0%	56.0%	56.0%	56.0%
Capital expenditure forecast (in millions)	$125.0	$250.0	$375.0	$500.0
Probability of warrants vesting	—%	—%	—%	—%

(a) During the second quarter ended June 30, 2022, the Company significantly lowered its forecast of Levo's capital deployments due to the passage by the United States Congress of the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act bill, and the related unveiling of the Environmental Protection Agency’s 2022 Clean School Bus rebates. The resulting lower forecast of capital deployments reduced the probabilities of the future vesting of the unvested warrants. Therefore, at December 31, 2022, the Company has determined that it is unlikely that the unvested warrants will vest.

- Definition

The entire disclosure for the fair value of financial instruments (as defined), including financial assets and financial liabilities (collectively, as defined), and the measurements of those instruments as well as disclosures related to the fair value of non-financial assets and liabilities. Such disclosures about the financial instruments, assets, and liabilities would include: (1) the fair value of the required items together with their carrying amounts (as appropriate); (2) for items for which it is not practicable to estimate fair value, disclosure would include: (a) information pertinent to estimating fair value (including, carrying amount, effective interest rate, and maturity, and (b) the reasons why it is not practicable to estimate fair value; (3) significant concentrations of credit risk including: (a) information about the activity, region, or economic characteristics identifying a concentration, (b) the maximum amount of loss the entity is exposed to based on the gross fair value of the related item, (c) policy for requiring collateral or other security and information as to accessing such collateral or security, and (d) the nature and brief description of such collateral or security; (4) quantitative information about market risks and how such risks are managed; (5) for items measured on both a recurring and nonrecurring basis information regarding the inputs used to develop the fair value measurement; and (6) for items presented in the financial statement for which fair value measurement is elected: (a) information necessary to understand the reasons for the election, (b) discussion of the effect of fair value changes on earnings, (c) a description of [similar groups] items for which the election is made and the relation thereof to the balance sheet, the aggregate carrying value of items included in the balance sheet that are not eligible for the election; (7) all other required (as defined) and desired information.

+ References + Details

Share-Based Compensation - Schedule of stock-based compensation expense for stock options (Details) - Selling, general and administrative - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Share-based Payment Arrangement, Expensed and Capitalized, Amount [Line Items]
Share-based compensation expense	$ 4,107,634	$ 5,475,545
Options
Share-based Payment Arrangement, Expensed and Capitalized, Amount [Line Items]
Share-based compensation expense	2,676,963	2,566,437
Restricted stock
Share-based Payment Arrangement, Expensed and Capitalized, Amount [Line Items]
Share-based compensation expense	1,616,782	2,395,580
Stock options - modified options
Share-based Payment Arrangement, Expensed and Capitalized, Amount [Line Items]
Share-based compensation expense	43,139	68,049
Profit interest units
Share-based Payment Arrangement, Expensed and Capitalized, Amount [Line Items]
Share-based compensation expense	$ (229,250)	$ 445,479

Commitments and Contingencies - Schedule of milestone event (Details)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023 USD ($)
Other Commitments [Line Items]
Milestone payment amount	$ 7,500,000
10000
Other Commitments [Line Items]
Milestone payment amount	500,000
20000
Other Commitments [Line Items]
Milestone payment amount	750,000
40000
Other Commitments [Line Items]
Milestone payment amount	750,000
60000
Other Commitments [Line Items]
Milestone payment amount	750,000
80000
Other Commitments [Line Items]
Milestone payment amount	750,000
100000
Other Commitments [Line Items]
Milestone payment amount	1,000,000
200000
Other Commitments [Line Items]
Milestone payment amount	1,000,000
250000
Other Commitments [Line Items]
Milestone payment amount	$ 2,000,000

Inventories

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Inventory Disclosure [Abstract]

Inventories

The following table summarizes the Company’s inventories balance by category:


	As of December 31,
	2023		2022
DC Chargers	$	5,275,934	$	9,248,398
AC Chargers	236,316		123,247
Vehicles - School Buses	—		1,620,000
Component parts	377,203		560,186
Total	$	5,889,453	$	11,551,831

Investments (Details) - USD ($)		12 Months Ended
Investments (Details) - USD ($)	Mar. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Jun. 06, 2022
Schedule of Investments [Line Items]
Consulting services		$ 43,399	$ 0
Proceeds from sale of investments in equity securities		1,325,155	0
Gains from sale of investments in equity securities		$ 325,155	$ 0
Dreev
Schedule of Investments [Line Items]
Company's equity ownership		13.00%
Switch EV
Schedule of Investments [Line Items]
Company's equity ownership				5.00%
Equity method investments				$ 1,000,000
Proceeds from sale of investments in equity securities	$ 1,300,000
Gains from sale of investments in equity securities	$ 300,000

- Definition

Line items represent financial concepts included in a table. These concepts are used to disclose reportable information associated with domain members defined in one or many axes to the table.

+ References

Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 946
-SubTopic 320
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section S99
-Paragraph 6
-Subparagraph (SX 210.12-14(Column A)(Footnote 1)(b)(1))
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+ Details

Intangible Assets - Schedule of estimated future amortization expense amortizable intangible assets (Details)	Dec. 31, 2023 USD ($)
Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]
2024	$ 139,437
2025	139,437
2026	137,770
2027	132,770
2028	132,770
Thereafter	520,019
Total estimated future amortization expense	$ 1,202,203

Non-Controlling Interest

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Noncontrolling Interest [Abstract]

Non-Controlling Interest

For entities that are consolidated, but not 100% owned, a portion of the net income or loss and corresponding equity is allocated to owners other than the Company. The aggregate of the net income or loss and corresponding equity that is not owned by the Company is included in non-controlling interests in the consolidated financial statements.

Non-controlling interests are presented outside as a separate component of stockholders’ equity on the Company’s consolidated Balance Sheets. The primary components of non-controlling interests are separately presented in the Company’s consolidated statements of changes in stockholders’ equity to clearly distinguish the interest in the Company and other ownership interests in the consolidated entities. Net income or loss includes the net income or loss attributable to the holders of non-controlling interests on the Company’s consolidated statements of operations. Net income or loss is allocated to non-controlling interests in proportion to their relative ownership interests.

Levo Series B Redeemable Preferred Stock

Levo is authorized to issue 1,000,000 shares of series B preferred stock at no par value.

The Series B Preferred Stock (a) pays a dividend, when, as and if declared by Levo's Board of Directors, of 8.0% per annum of the stated value per share, payable quarterly in arrears, (b) has an initial stated value of $1,000 per share, and dividends are paid in cash. Levo accrues for undeclared and unpaid dividends as they are payable in accordance with the terms of the Certificate of Designations filed with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware. At December 31, 2023, Levo had cumulative unpaid accrued preferred dividends of $612,201 on 3,138 issued and outstanding shares of Series B Preferred Stock. Series B Preferred Stock is not a participating or convertible securities. Series B Preferred Stock is not currently redeemable but it could be redeemable with the passage of time at the election of Levo or the preferred shareholders or upon the occurrence of a trigger event as defined in the preferred stock agreement. Since the redeemable preferred stock may be redeemed by the preferred shareholders or upon the occurrence of a trigger event that is not solely within the control of Levo, but is not mandatorily redeemable; therefore, based on its characteristics, Levo has classified the Series B Preferred Stock as mezzanine equity.

At December 31, 2023, Series B Preferred Stock consisted of the following:


Shares Authorized	Shares Issued and Outstanding	Stated Value per Share		Initial Carrying Value		Accrued Preferred Dividends		Liquidation Preference
1,000,000	3,138	$	1,000	$	3,138,000	$	612,201	$	3,750,201

The Company has determined that the redemption features embedded in the non-controlling redeemable preferred stock is required to be accounted for separately from the redeemable preferred stock as a derivative liability. See Note 5 for detail disclosure of the derivative liability.

The redeemable preferred stock has been classified as mezzanine equity, and initially recognized at fair value of $3,138,000, the proceeds on the date of issuance. This amount has been further reduced by 497,606 the fair value of the embedded derivative liability at date of issuance, resulting in an adjusted initial carrying value of $2,640,394. Levo is accreting the difference between the adjusted carrying initial value and the redemption price value over the seven-year period from date of issuance of August 4, 2021 through July 4, 2028 (the date at which the preferred shareholders have the unconditional right to redeem the shares, deemed to be the earliest likely redemption date) using the effective interest method. The accretion to the carrying value of the redeemable preferred stock is treated as a deemed dividend, recorded as a charge to retained earnings of Levo. As of December 31, 2023, Levo has accreted $645,864 resulting in the carrying value of the redeemable preferred stock of $4,193,629.

The following table summarizes Levo non-controlling interests presented as a separate component of stockholders’ equity on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets:


	December 31, 2023		December 31, 2022

Beginning Balance	$	(3,950,186)	$	(2,501,633)
Add: net loss attributable to non-controlling interests	$	(12,456)	(538,841)
Less: dividends paid or accrued to non-controlling interests	285,595		263,846
Less: Preferred share accretion adjustment	645,864		645,866
Non-controlling interests	$	(4,894,101)	$	(3,950,186)

The following table summarizes Levo non-controlling interests presented as a separate component of the Company’s consolidated statements of operations:


	December 31, 2023		December 31, 2022


Net loss attributable to non-controlling interests	$	(12,456)	$	(538,841)

Redeemable Non-controlling Interest Reconciliation — Mezzanine Equity


	December 31, 2023		December 31, 2022
Beginning balance	$	3,547,765	$	2,901,899




Preferred share accretion adjustment	645,864		645,866
Ending balance	$	4,193,629	$	3,547,765

Profits Interests Units (Class D Incentive Units)

In April 2022, Levo issued Class D Incentive Units to certain key employees in the form of profits interests within the meaning of the Internal Revenue Service (“Profits Interests”). Any future distributions under the Profits Interests will only occur once distributions made to all other member units exceed a threshold amount. The Company performed an analysis of the key features of the Profits Interests to determine whether the nature of the Profits Interests are (a) an equity award which should be accounted for under ASC 718, Compensation – Stock Compensation or (b) a bonus arrangement which should be accounted for under ASC 710, Compensation – General. Based on the features of the Profits Interests, the awards are considered stock compensation to be accounted for as equity. Accordingly, compensation expense for the Profits Interests will be recognized over the vesting period of the awards.

Subject to the grantee not incurring a termination prior to the applicable vesting date, the Incentive Units vest as follows: (i) 80% of the Incentive Units will vest in equal 25% installments on each of the first four (4) anniversaries of the grant date (such that 80% of the total number of Incentive Units issued to the grantee hereunder will be vested on the fourth anniversary of the Grant Date) and (ii) the remaining 20% of the Incentive Units will vest upon a Change of Control. Therefore, the expenses recorded will only reflect the 80% vesting portion.

During the year ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company recorded compensation expense, included in selling, general, and administrative, under the Profits Interests of $127,134 and $445,479, respectively.

The Company uses the Monte Carlo Simulation model to estimate the fair value of Class D Incentive Units. Fair value is estimated at the date of grant for employee and nonemployee options. The following assumptions were used in the Monte Carlo Simulation model to calculate the fair value of Class D Incentive Units granted for the year ended December 31, 2023.


	Class D Units
Expected life of Class D Incentive Units (in years) (1)	5.5

Risk-free interest rate (2)	3.02	%
Volatility (3)	69.50	%

__________________

(1)The expected life of options is the average of the contractual term of the Class D Incentive Units and the vesting period.

(2)The risk-free interest rate is based on the yields on U.S. Treasury debt securities with maturities approximating the estimated life of the options.

A summary of the status of the Company’s Class D Incentive Units as of December 31, 2022, and changes during year ended December 31, 2023, is presented below:


	Shares	Weighted- Average Grant Date Fair Value($)
Nonvested at December 31, 2022	250,000	13.28
Granted	—	—
Vested	—	—
Cancelled (1)	200,000	12.49
Nonvested and Outstanding at December 31, 2023	50,000	12.49

As of December 31, 2023, there was $283,381 of total unrecognized compensation cost related to nonvested Class D Incentive Units. The Company expects to recognize this compensation cost over a remaining weighted-average period of approximately 2.0 years.

Leases - Lease term, discount rate, and other information (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Weighted-average remaining lease terms (in years):
Operating lease	7 years 9 months 18 days	9 years
Finance lease	2 years 6 months	3 years 3 months 18 days
Weighted-average discount rate:
Operating lease	7.80%	7.80%
Finance lease	7.80%	7.80%
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities:
Operating cash flows from operating leases	$ 476,208	$ 202,844
Operating cash flows from finance leases related to interest expense	1,801	2,248
Financing cash flows from finance leases	8,140	9,691
Leased assets obtained in exchange for new finance lease liabilities	13,154	18,467
Leased assets obtained in exchange for new operating lease liabilities	$ 0	$ 0

Stockholders’ Equity (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Stockholders' Equity Note [Abstract]

Schedule of common stock issuable upon exercise of warrants outstanding

The following table is a summary of the number of shares of the Company’s Common Stock issuable upon exercise of warrants outstanding at December 31, 2023:


	Number of Warrants	Number of Warrants Exercised	Number of Warrants Exercisable	Exercise Price	Expiration Date
Public Warrants	71,875	—	71,875	$460.00	March 19, 2026
Private Warrants	3,406	—	3,406	$460.00	March 19, 2026
PIPE Warrants	33,844	—	33,844	$460.00	March 19, 2026
Stonepeak/Evolve Warrants - series B	50,000	—	50,000	$400.00	May 17, 2031
Stonepeak/Evolve Warrants - series C	25,000	—	12,500	$600.00	May 17, 2031
Stonepeak/Evolve Warrants - series D	25,000	—	12,500	$800.00	May 17, 2031
Stonepeak/Evolve Warrants - series E	25,000	—	12,500	$1,200.00	May 17, 2031
Stonepeak/Evolve Warrants - series F	25,000	—	12,500	$1,600.00	May 17, 2031
Institutional/Accredited Investor Pre-Funded Warrants	235,171	122,500	112,671	$0.004	Until Exercised in Full
Institutional/Accredited Investor Warrants	100,000	—	100,000	$150.00	January 29, 2028
	594,296	122,500	421,796

Leases - Lease cost (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
Leases - Lease cost (Details) - USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Lessee, Lease, Description [Line Items]
Right-of-use operating lease assets	$ 4,839,526	$ 5,305,881
Finance lease, right-of-use asset, after accumulated amortization	13,154	18,467
Operating and finance lease right-of-use assets	$ 4,852,680	$ 5,324,348
Finance Lease, Right-of-Use Asset, Statement of Financial Position [Extensible List]	Property and equipment, net	Property and equipment, net
Operating lease liabilities - current	$ 856,250	$ 824,326
Operating lease liabilities - noncurrent	4,646,383	5,090,170
Finance lease liabilities - current	7,391	7,184
Finance lease liabilities - noncurrent	7,764	12,959
Total lease liabilities	$ 5,517,788	$ 5,934,639
Finance lease, liability, current, statement of financial position, extensible list	Other liabilities	Other liabilities
Finance lease, liability, noncurrent, statement of financial position, extensible list	Other long-term liabilities	Other long-term liabilities
Total lease expense	$ 922,113	$ 818,924
Selling, general and administrative
Lessee, Lease, Description [Line Items]
Operating lease expense	914,533	811,082
Amortization of finance lease assets	5,779	5,594
Interest income, net
Lessee, Lease, Description [Line Items]
Interest income, net	$ 1,801	$ 2,248

Derivative Liability - Non-Controlling Redeemable Preferred Stock

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosure [Abstract]

Derivative Liability - Non-Controlling Redeemable Preferred Stock

The Company has determined that the redemption features embedded in the non-controlling redeemable preferred stock of Levo is required to be accounted for separately from the redeemable preferred stock as a derivative liability. Separation of the redemption features as a derivative liability is required because its economic characteristics and risks of the redemption features are considered more akin to a debt instrument, and therefore, not considered to be clearly and closely related to the economic characteristics and risks of the redeemable preferred stock host instrument. The economic characteristics of the redemption features are considered more akin to debt instrument because the minimum redemption value could be greater than the face amount of the preferred stock, the redemption features are contingently exercisable, and the preferred stock carry a fixed mandatory dividend.

Accordingly, the Company has recorded an embedded derivative liability representing the estimated fair value of the right of the holders to exercise their redemption option upon the occurrence of a redemption event. The embedded derivative liability is adjusted to reflect fair value at each period end with changes in fair value recorded in the “Change in fair value of derivative liability” financial statement line item of the Company’s consolidated statements of operations. For additional information on the non-controlling redeemable preferred stock, see Note 18.

The following table displays the fair value of derivatives by balance sheet line item:


	December 31, 2023		December 31, 2022
Other long term liabilities:
Derivative liability - non-controlling redeemable preferred shares	$	309,728	$	359,225

Investments	12 Months Ended
Investments	Dec. 31, 2023
Investments [Abstract]
Investments	Investments The Company accounts for its 13% equity ownership in Dreev as an investment in equity securities without a readily determinable fair value subject to impairment. The Company has a consulting services agreement with Dreev related to software development and operations. The consulting services were $43,399 and zero for the years ended December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. In accordance with an advanced subscription agreement dated June 6, 2022, the Company invested $1.0 million in Switch, a nonpublic entity incorporated and registered in the United Kingdom through an advance subscription agreement for a future equity ownership expected to be more or less than 5% subject to final valuations. Switch will automatically award the Company the equity ownership with conversion shares in equity upon its completion of either a financing round, company sale or IPO, or dissolution event. The Company accounts for the investment as an investment in equity securities without a readily determinable fair value subject to impairment. The Company and Switch intend to collaborate in the future to integrate technologies for the advancement of V2G. On March 30, 2023, the Company sold its investment interest in Switch for $1.3 million. A gain of $0.3 million was recorded in Other, net on the statements of operations.

Net Loss Per Share Attributable to Common Stockholders

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Earnings Per Share [Abstract]

Net Loss Per Share Attributable to Common Stockholders

The following table sets forth the calculation of basic and diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders:


	Years Ended December 31,
		2023		2022
Net loss attributable to Nuvve Holding Corp. common stockholders		$	(32,215,790)	$	(24,928,377)
Weighted-average shares used to compute net loss per share attributable to Nuvve common stockholders, basic and diluted		798,269		524,297
Net Loss per share attributable to Nuvve common stockholders, basic and diluted		$	(40.36)	$	(47.55)


	Years Ended December 31,
		2023	2022
Stock options issued and outstanding		69,059	65,123
Nonvested restricted stock issued and outstanding		11,170	23,957
Public warrants		71,875	71,875
Private warrants		3,406	3,406
PIPE warrants		33,844	33,844
Stonepeak and Evolve warrants		150,000	150,000
Stonepeak and Evolve options		125,000	125,000
Institutional/Accredited Investor Pre-Funded Warrants		112,671	—
Institutional/Accredited Investor Warrants		100,000	42,466

Total		677,025	515,671

Revenue Recognition - Schedule of aggregate amount of revenue for the Company’s existing contracts with customers (Details)	Dec. 31, 2023 USD ($)
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction [Line Items]
Revenue, remaining performance obligation, amount	$ 1,030,056
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction, Start Date [Axis]: 2024-01-01
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction [Line Items]
Revenue, remaining performance obligation, amount	$ 697,105
Revenue, remaining performance obligation, expected timing of satisfaction, period	1 year
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction, Start Date [Axis]: 2025-01-01
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction [Line Items]
Revenue, remaining performance obligation, amount	$ 117,535
Revenue, remaining performance obligation, expected timing of satisfaction, period	1 year
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction, Start Date [Axis]: 2026-01-01
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction [Line Items]
Revenue, remaining performance obligation, amount	$ 98,308
Revenue, remaining performance obligation, expected timing of satisfaction, period	1 year
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction, Start Date [Axis]: 2027-01-01
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction [Line Items]
Revenue, remaining performance obligation, amount	$ 55,849
Revenue, remaining performance obligation, expected timing of satisfaction, period	1 year
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction, Start Date [Axis]: 2028-01-01
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction [Line Items]
Revenue, remaining performance obligation, amount	$ 61,259
Revenue, remaining performance obligation, expected timing of satisfaction, period

Share-Based Compensation - Narrative (Details) - USD ($)	1 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Granted, (in Shares)		0
Share based option modified (in Shares)			41,000
Increase decrease exercise price (in Dollars per share)			$ 24.00
Incremental compensation cost (in Dollars)			$ 246,000
Weighted average remaining recognition period		1 year 5 months 1 day
Options
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Additional compensation expense		$ 43,139	$ 68,049
Restricted stock
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Total unrecognized compensation cost related to nonvested restricted stock		$ 391,601
Weighted average remaining recognition period		8 months 15 days
2020 Plan
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Number of additional shares authorized (in shares)	100,000
Capital shares reserved for future issuance (in Shares)		182,500
Option contractual life		10 years
Issuance of common stock available for future (in Shares)		52,750
Granted, (in Shares)		18,020
Weighted average grant date fair value of options granted during period (in Dollars per share)		$ 5.14
2020 Plan \| Options
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Option vesting period		4 years

Commitments and Contingencies

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]

Commitments and Contingencies

(a) Legal Matters

The Company is subject to various claims and legal proceedings covering matters that arise in the ordinary course of its business activities, including product liability claims. Management believes that any liability that may ultimately result from the resolution of these matters will not have a material adverse effect on the financial condition or results of operations of the Company. Please see Note 17(e) and (f) below for details regarding legal proceedings pending with Company suppliers.

(b) Research Agreement

Effective September 1, 2016, the Company is party to a research agreement with a third party, which is also a Company stockholder, whereby the third party will perform research activity as specified annually by the Company. Under the terms of the agreement, the Company paid a minimum of $400,000 annually in equal quarterly installments. For of the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, $266,667 and $400,000, respectively, were paid under the research agreement. At December 31, 2023, we have $341,713 remaining to be paid under a renewed agreement.

The Company is a party to a licensing agreement for non-exclusive rights to intellectual property which will expire at the later of the date at which the last patent underlying the intellectual property expires or 20 years from the sale of the first licensed product. Under the terms of the agreement, the Company will pay up to an aggregate of $700,000 in royalties upon achievement of certain milestones. As of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, no royalty expenses had been incurred under this agreement.

In November 2017, the Company executed an agreement ("IP Acquisition Agreement") with the University of Delaware (Seller) whereby all right, title, and interest in the licensed intellectual property was assigned to the Company in exchange for an upfront fee of $500,000 and the Company's common shares valued at $1,491,556. The total acquisition cost of $1,991,556 was capitalized and is being amortized over the fifteen years expected life of the patents underlying the intellectual property. Under the terms of the agreement, the Company will pay up to an aggregate $7,500,000 in royalties to the Seller upon achievement of milestones, related to the aggregate number of vehicles that have had access to the Company’s GIVe platform system for a period of at least six consecutive months, and for which the Company has received monetary consideration for such access pursuant to a subscription or other similar agreement with the vehicle’s owner as follows:


Milestone Event: Aggregated Vehicles	Milestone Payment Amount
10,000	$	500,000
20,000	750,000
40,000	750,000
60,000	750,000
80,000	750,000
100,000	1,000,000
200,000	1,000,000
250,000	2,000,000
	$	7,500,000

The Seller will retain a non-exclusive, royalty-free license, to utilize the intellectual property solely for research and education purposes. As of December 31, 2023, no royalty expenses had been incurred under this agreement.

(d) Investment

The Company is committed to possible future additional contributions to the Investment in Dreev (Note 6) in the amount of $270,000.

(e)Purchase Commitments

On July 20, 2021, Nuvve issued a purchase order (“PO”) to its supplier, Rhombus Energy Solutions, Inc. (“Rhombus”), for a quantity of DC Chargers and dispensers for EVs (“DC Chargers”), for a total price of $13.2 million. A dispute (the "Dispute")

arose as to the PO, and an arbitration proceeding was initiated.

On February 2, 2024 (the “Settlement Date”), the Company and Rhombus entered into a settlement and release agreement (the “Settlement Agreement”) pursuant to which, among other things, the Company agreed to pay Rhombus approximately $0.46 million for certain initial DC Chargers within 15 days from the Settlement Date. The Company further agreed to pay Rhombus an aggregate of $2.4 million for certain DC Chargers upon shipment with payments correlating to the amounts shipped due prior to shipment, a minimum of 50% of which shall be paid within 12 months after the Settlement date, with the remaining balance, if any, to be paid within 24 months after the Settlement Date. The Settlement Agreement further provides for the dismissal of the legal action as to the Company and Rhombus. The Company and Rhombus agreed to release one another from any and all claims relating to the Dispute.

(f) School Bus Storage Litigation

In October and November 2021, the Company purchased an aggregate of five school buses from a certain school bus dealership in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Thereafter, the Company entered into agreements to sell these buses to a third-party purchasers. However, the dealership refused to release four of the buses and to provide the Company with a manufacturer statement of origin (an “MSO”) for all five buses, claiming that the Company owed them approximately $0.45 million in storage fees allegedly incurred since January 2022. The Company disputed that it had an obligation to pay the storage fees as well as the amount of fees demanded by the dealership, and filed a petition for preliminary injunction with the Court of Common Pleas of Allegheny County, Pennsylvania.

On November 1, 2023, the court granted the Company's petition for preliminary injunction requiring the dealership to release and provide keys for the four buses and to provide the MSOs for all five buses, contingent on the Company posting an injunction bond in the amount of $0.55 million within seven days of the order. The Company timely posted the injunction bond on November 7, 2023. The Company anticipate that the storage fee dispute with the dealership will be adjudicated by the second quarter of fiscal year 2024.

Leases (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Leases [Abstract]

Schedule of lease costs

Supplemental consolidated balance sheet information related to leases is as follows:


	Classification	December 31, 2023		December 31, 2022

Operating lease assets	Right-of-use operating lease assets	$	4,839,526	$	5,305,881
Finance lease assets	Property and equipment, net	13,154		18,467
Total lease assets		$	4,852,680	$	5,324,348

Operating lease liabilities - current	Operating lease liabilities - current	$	856,250	824,326
Operating lease liabilities - noncurrent	Operating lease liabilities - noncurrent	4,646,383		5,090,170
Finance lease liabilities - current	Other liabilities - current	7,391		7,184
Finance lease liabilities - noncurrent	Other long-term liabilities	7,764		12,959
Total lease liabilities		$	5,517,788	$	5,934,639

The components of lease expense are as follows:


		Year Ended December 31,		Year Ended December 31,
	Classification	2023		2022

Operating lease expense	Selling, general and administrative	$	914,533	$	811,082
Finance lease expense:
Amortization of finance lease assets	Selling, general and administrative	5,779		5,594
Interest on finance lease liabilities	Interest income, net	1,801		2,248
Total lease expense		$	922,113	$	818,924

Lease term and discount rate:


	December 31, 2023	December 31, 2022
Weighted-average remaining lease terms (in years):
Operating lease	7.8	9.0
Finance lease	2.5	3.3

Weighted-average discount rate:
Operating lease	7.8%	7.8%
Finance lease	7.8%	7.8%

Other Information:


	Years Ended December 31,		Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities:
Operating cash flows from operating leases	$	476,208	$	202,844
Operating cash flows from finance leases related to interest expense	$	1,801	$	2,248
Financing cash flows from finance leases	$	8,140	$	9,691

Leased assets obtained in exchange for new finance lease liabilities	$	13,154	$	18,467
Leased assets obtained in exchange for new operating lease liabilities	$	—	$	—

Schedule of lessee, operating lease, liability, maturity


	Operating Lease		Finance Lease
Maturities of lease liabilities are as follows:	December 31, 2023		December 31, 2023
2024	$	892,212	$	7,391
2025	893,046		7,391
2026	921,273		1,848
2027	946,683		—
2028	937,727		—
Thereafter	2,861,204		—
Total lease payments	7,452,145		16,630
Less: interest	(1,949,512)		(1,475)
Total lease liabilities	$	5,502,633	$	15,155

Schedule of finance lease, liability, maturity


	Operating Lease		Finance Lease
Maturities of lease liabilities are as follows:	December 31, 2023		December 31, 2023
2024	$	892,212	$	7,391
2025	893,046		7,391
2026	921,273		1,848
2027	946,683		—
2028	937,727		—
Thereafter	2,861,204		—
Total lease payments	7,452,145		16,630
Less: interest	(1,949,512)		(1,475)
Total lease liabilities	$	5,502,633	$	15,155

Schedule of sublease income

Sublease income are as follows:


		Year Ended December 31,		Year Ended December 31,
	Classification	2023		2022
Sublease income	Other, net	$	466,888	$	143,192

Schedule of lease income

Lease income are as follows:


		Year Ended December 31,		Year Ended December 31,
	Classification	2023		2022
Lease income	Products	$	24,027	$	99,981
Interest income	Products	13,987		3,341
Total lease income		$	38,014	$	103,322

Property, Plant, and Equipment (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Property, Plant and Equipment [Abstract]

Schedule of property, plant and equipment

The following table summarizes the Company’s property, plant and equipment balance:


	Useful Lives			As of December 31,
				2023		2022

Computers & servers	1 year	to	3 years	$	154,337	$	130,417
Vehicles	5 years	to	7 years	65,577		139,788

Office furniture and equipment	3 years	to	5 years	366,323		326,613
DC Chargers (1)	5 years	to	7 years	598,820		256,685
Total				1,185,057		853,503
Less: Accumulated Depreciation				(418,793)		(216,559)
Property, plant and equipment, net				$	766,264	$	636,944

				As of December 31,
				2023		2022
Depreciation expense				$	249,123	$	150,099

__________________

(1) Represents DC Chargers temporary loaned out to customers while their DC Chargers are being repaired.

Share-Based Compensation (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Share-Based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]

Schedule of stock-based compensation expense for stock options

Share-based compensation expense recognized in selling, general, and administrative, and research and development are as follows:


	Years Ended December 31,
		2023		2022
Options		$	2,676,963	$	2,566,437
Restricted stock		1,616,782		2,395,580
Stock options - modified options		43,139		68,049
Profit interest units		(229,250)		445,479
Total		$	4,107,634	$	5,475,545

Schedule of black-scholes option pricing model to estimate the fair value of stock options

The following assumptions were used in the Black-Scholes option pricing model to calculate the fair value of stock options granted for the year ended December 31, 2023 the 2020 Plan.


	2020 Plan
Expected life of options (in years) (1)	7.0
Dividend yield (2)	0	%
Risk-free interest rate (3)	4.61	%
Volatility (4)	79.6	%

__________________

(1)The expected life of options is the average of the contractual term of the options and the vesting period.

(3)The risk-free interest rate is based on the yields on U.S. Treasury debt securities with maturities approximating the estimated life of the options.

The following assumptions were used in the Monte Carlo Simulation model to calculate the fair value of Class D Incentive Units granted for the year ended December 31, 2023.


	Class D Units
Expected life of Class D Incentive Units (in years) (1)	5.5

Risk-free interest rate (2)	3.02	%
Volatility (3)	69.50	%

__________________

(1)The expected life of options is the average of the contractual term of the Class D Incentive Units and the vesting period.

(2)The risk-free interest rate is based on the yields on U.S. Treasury debt securities with maturities approximating the estimated life of the options.

Schedule of stock option activity

The following is a summary of the stock option activity under the 2010 Plan for the year ended December 31, 2023:


	Shares	Weighted- Average Exercise Price per Share($)	Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Term (Years)	Aggregate Intrinsic Value($)
Outstanding - December 31, 2022	21,338	116.40	5.70	—
Granted	—	—	—	—
Exercised	—	—	—	—
Forfeited	(210)	278.80	—	—
Expired/Cancelled	(2,013)	213.52	—	—
Outstanding - December 31, 2023	19,115	102.75	3.53	—

Options Exercisable at December 31, 2023	19,062	102.10	3.52	—
Option Vested at December 31, 2023	19,062	102.10	3.52	—

The following is a summary of the stock option activity under the 2020 Plan for the year ended December 31, 2023:


	Shares	Weighted- Average Exercise Price per Share ($)	Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Term (Years)	Aggregate Intrinsic Value($)
Outstanding - December 31, 2022	42,778	468.40	8.46	—
Granted	18,020	9.07	5.73	—
Exercised	—	—	—	—
Forfeited	(2,191)	152.20	—	—
Expired/Cancelled	(715)	357.85	—	—
Outstanding - December 31, 2023	57,892	338.67	7.91	—

Options Exercisable at December 31, 2023	27,565	469.58	7.53	—
Option Vested at December 31, 2023	27,565	469.58	7.53	—

A summary of the status of the Company’s Class D Incentive Units as of December 31, 2022, and changes during year ended December 31, 2023, is presented below:


	Shares	Weighted- Average Grant Date Fair Value($)
Nonvested at December 31, 2022	250,000	13.28
Granted	—	—
Vested	—	—
Cancelled (1)	200,000	12.49
Nonvested and Outstanding at December 31, 2023	50,000	12.49

Disclosure of share-based compensation arrangements by share-based payment award

Other Information:


	Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022
Amount received from option exercised	$	—	$	245,748

	December 31, 2023				Weighted average remaining recognition period
Total unrecognized options compensation costs	$	3,383,406			1.42

Schedule of nonvested restricted stock units

A summary of the status of the Company’s nonvested restricted stock units as of December 31, 2022, and changes during the year ended December 31, 2023, is presented below:


	Shares	Weighted- Average Grant Date Fair Value($)
Nonvested at December 31, 2022	10,906	257.20
Granted (1)	72,568	22.40
Vested/Release	(71,721)	44.32
Cancelled/Forfeited	(1,446)	184.40
Nonvested and Outstanding at December 31, 2023	10,307	98.03

__________________

(1) Includes 54,604 shares awarded for the 2022 employee annual bonus with fair value of $1,215,957 issued during the year ended December 31, 2023.

Account Receivables, Net

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Receivables [Abstract]

Account Receivables, Net

The following tables summarizes the Company's account receivables:


		As of December 31,
		2023		2022
Trade receivables		$	2,107,497	$	1,149,301

Less: allowance for credit losses		(382,598)		(58,834)

	Accounts receivable, net	$	1,724,899	$	1,090,467

Allowance for credit losses:

	Balance December 31, 2021	$	(63,188)
	Provision	—
	Write-off	4,354
	Recoveries	—
	Balance December 31, 2022	$	(58,834)
	Provision	(323,764)
	Write-off	—
	Recoveries	—
	Balance December 31, 2023	$	(382,598)

Fair Value Measurements - Schedule of liabilities measured at fair value on the condensed consolidated balance sheet (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Recurring fair value measurements
Total recurring fair value measurements	$ 314,349	$ 580,109
Recurring fair value measurements, gain (loss) during period	265,760	12,139,185
Derivative liability - non-controlling redeemable preferred shares
Recurring fair value measurements
Total recurring fair value measurements	309,728	359,225
Recurring fair value measurements, gain (loss) during period	49,497	152,723
Private Warrants
Recurring fair value measurements
Total recurring fair value measurements	0	2,000
Recurring fair value measurements, gain (loss) during period	2,000	864,000
Stonepeak and Evolve unvested warrants
Recurring fair value measurements
Total recurring fair value measurements	0	0
Recurring fair value measurements, gain (loss) during period	0	8,677,000
Institutional/Accredited Investor Warrants
Recurring fair value measurements
Total recurring fair value measurements	4,621	218,884
Recurring fair value measurements, gain (loss) during period	214,263	2,445,462
Level 1: Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets
Recurring fair value measurements
Total recurring fair value measurements	0	0
Level 1: Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets \| Derivative liability - non-controlling redeemable preferred shares
Recurring fair value measurements
Total recurring fair value measurements	0	0
Level 1: Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets \| Private Warrants
Recurring fair value measurements
Total recurring fair value measurements	0	0
Level 1: Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets \| Stonepeak and Evolve unvested warrants
Recurring fair value measurements
Total recurring fair value measurements	0	0
Level 1: Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets \| Institutional/Accredited Investor Warrants
Recurring fair value measurements
Total recurring fair value measurements	0	0
Level 2: Significant Other Observable Inputs
Recurring fair value measurements
Total recurring fair value measurements	0	0
Level 2: Significant Other Observable Inputs \| Derivative liability - non-controlling redeemable preferred shares
Recurring fair value measurements
Total recurring fair value measurements	0	0
Level 2: Significant Other Observable Inputs \| Private Warrants
Recurring fair value measurements
Total recurring fair value measurements	0	0
Level 2: Significant Other Observable Inputs \| Stonepeak and Evolve unvested warrants
Recurring fair value measurements
Total recurring fair value measurements	0	0
Level 2: Significant Other Observable Inputs \| Institutional/Accredited Investor Warrants
Recurring fair value measurements
Total recurring fair value measurements	0	0
Level 3: Significant Unobservable Inputs
Recurring fair value measurements
Total recurring fair value measurements	314,349	580,109
Level 3: Significant Unobservable Inputs \| Derivative liability - non-controlling redeemable preferred shares
Recurring fair value measurements
Total recurring fair value measurements	309,728	359,225
Level 3: Significant Unobservable Inputs \| Private Warrants
Recurring fair value measurements
Total recurring fair value measurements	0	2,000
Level 3: Significant Unobservable Inputs \| Stonepeak and Evolve unvested warrants
Recurring fair value measurements
Total recurring fair value measurements	0	0
Level 3: Significant Unobservable Inputs \| Institutional/Accredited Investor Warrants
Recurring fair value measurements
Total recurring fair value measurements	$ 4,621	$ 218,884