0001836875-25-000076 | 10-K | XBRL Viewer

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Debt - Schedule of future maturities of debt obligations (Details) - USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Debt Disclosure [Abstract]
2025	$ 4,647,331
2026	0
2027	840,500
Total debt	$ 5,487,831	$ 0

- Definition

Amount, after deduction of unamortized premium (discount) and debt issuance cost, of long-term debt. Excludes lease obligation.

+ References + Details

Non-Controlling Interest - Non-controlling interests presented as a separate component of stockholders’ equity (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Equity, Attributable to Noncontrolling Interest [Roll Forward]
Beginning Balance	$ (4,894,101)
Add: net loss attributable to non-controlling interests	(28,809)	$ (12,456)
Less: dividends paid or accrued to non-controlling interests	0	285,595
Non-controlling interests	(28,809)	(4,894,101)
Levo Mobility LLC
Equity, Attributable to Noncontrolling Interest [Roll Forward]
Beginning Balance	(4,894,101)	(3,950,186)
Add: net loss attributable to non-controlling interests	(53,376)	(12,456)
Less: dividends paid or accrued to non-controlling interests	151,508	285,595
Less: Preferred share accretion adjustment	322,932	645,864
Cancellation of non-controlling interests	5,393,108	0
Non-controlling interests	$ (28,809)	$ (4,894,101)

- Definition

Amount of equity (deficit) attributable to noncontrolling interest. Excludes temporary equity.

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+ Details

- Definition

Amount of Net Income (Loss) attributable to noncontrolling interest.

+ References

+ Details

Cover - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
Cover - USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2024	Mar. 21, 2025	Jun. 30, 2024
Document Information [Line Items]
Document Type	10-K
Document Annual Report	true
Document Period End Date	Dec. 31, 2024
Current Fiscal Year End Date	--12-31
Document Transition Report	false
Entity File Number	001-40296
Entity Registrant Name	NUVVE HOLDING CORP.
Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code	DE
Entity Tax Identification Number	86-1617000
Entity Address, Address Line One	2488 Historic Decatur Road, Suite 230
Entity Address, City or Town	San Diego,
Entity Address, State or Province	CA
Entity Address, Postal Zip Code	92106
City Area Code	(619)
Local Phone Number	456-5161
Entity Well-known Seasoned Issuer	No
Entity Voluntary Filers	No
Entity Current Reporting Status	Yes
Entity Interactive Data Current	Yes
Entity Filer Category	Non-accelerated Filer
Entity Small Business	true
Entity Emerging Growth Company	true
Entity Ex Transition Period	false
ICFR Auditor Attestation Flag	false
Document Financial Statement Error Correction	false
Entity Shell Company	false
Entity Public Float			$ 16,607,430
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding		3,068,049
Amendment Flag	false
Entity Central Index Key	0001836875
Document Fiscal Year Focus	2024
Document Fiscal Period Focus	FY
Common Stock
Document Information [Line Items]
Title of 12(b) Security	Common Stock, par value $0.0001 per share
Trading Symbol	NVVE
Security Exchange Name	NASDAQ
Warrants
Document Information [Line Items]
Title of 12(b) Security	Warrants to Purchase Common Stock
Trading Symbol	NVVEW
Security Exchange Name	NASDAQ

Related Parties (Details) - USD ($)		1 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
Related Parties (Details) - USD ($)	Jan. 31, 2025	Jan. 31, 2025	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023	Oct. 31, 2024	Aug. 27, 2024	Aug. 16, 2024
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Consulting services			$ 0	$ 43,399
Revenue			5,286,229	8,332,162
Accounts receivable, net			2,148,198	1,724,899
Promissory Notes - August 27, 2024 \| Subsequent Event
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Repayment of debt		$ 516,818
Promissory Notes - August 27, 2024 \| Promissory Notes
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Face amount						$ 250,000
Promissory Notes - August 27, 2024 \| Promissory Notes \| Subsequent Event
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Repayment of debt	$ 523,097
Promissory Notes - August 16, 2024 \| Promissory Notes
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Face amount							$ 750,000
Promissory Notes - August 16, 2024 \| Promissory Notes \| Chief Executive Officer
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Funded amount			610,500
Promissory Notes - August 16, 2024 \| Promissory Notes \| Chief Financial Officer
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Funded amount			230,000
Senior Convertible Notes - October 2024 \| Promissory Notes \| Chief Executive Officer
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Face amount					$ 250,000
Number of securities called by warrants (in shares)					73,487
Related Party
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Revenue			159,629	192,413
Accounts receivable, net			$ 0	$ 0

Fair Value Measurements

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]

Fair Value Measurements

The following are the liabilities measured at fair value on the consolidated balance sheet at December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, using quoted price in active markets for identical assets (Level 1); significant other observable inputs (Level 2); and significant unobservable inputs (Level 3):


	Level 1: Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets		Level 2: Significant Other Observable Inputs		Level 3: Significant Unobservable Inputs		Total at December 31, 2024		Total Gains (Losses) For The Year Ended December 31, 2024
Recurring fair value measurements
Private warrants - February 2020	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—

2022 July Institutional/Accredited Investor Warrants	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	4,621
2024 February Institutional/Accredited Investor Warrants	$	—	$	—	$	291,566	$	291,566	$	3,500,751
2024 October Institutional/Accredited Investor Warrants	$	—	$	—	$	292,234	$	292,234	$	143,277
Senior Convertible Notes - October 2024	$	—	$	—	$	2,475,162	$	2,475,162	$	444,656
Additional Investment Rights - October 2024	$	—	$	—	$	5,950	$	5,950	$	13,721
2024 December Institutional/Accredited Investor Warrants	$	—	$	—	$	109,337	$	109,337	$	—
Derivative liability - non-controlling redeemable preferred shares	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	(3,626)
Total recurring fair value measurements	$	—	$	—	$	3,174,249	$	3,174,249	$	4,103,400


	Level 1: Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets		Level 2: Significant Other Observable Inputs		Level 3: Significant Unobservable Inputs		Total at December 31, 2023		Total Gains (Losses) For The Year Ended December 31, 2023
Recurring fair value measurements
Private warrants - February 2020	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	2,000

2022 July Institutional/Accredited Investor Warrants	$	—	$	—	$	4,621	$	4,621	$	214,263
Derivative liability - non-controlling redeemable preferred shares	$	—	$	—	$	309,728	$	309,728	$	49,497
Total recurring fair value measurements	$	—	$	—	$	314,349	$	314,349	$	265,760

The following is a reconciliation of the opening and closing balances for the liabilities related to the private warrants (Note 12) and derivative liability - non-controlling redeemable preferred shares measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) during the year ended December 31, 2024:


	Private Warrants - February 2020		2022 July Institutional/Accredited Investor Warrants		2024 February Institutional/Accredited Investor Warrants		2024 October Institutional/Accredited Investor Warrants		Senior Convertible Notes - October 2024		Additional Investment Rights - October 2024		2024 December Institutional/Accredited Investor Warrants		Non-controlling redeemable preferred shares - derivative liability
Balance at December 31, 2023	$	—	$	4,621	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	309,728






Initial fair value	—		—		3,792,317		435,511		2,919,818		19,671		109,337		—
Cancelled - non-controlling redeemable preferred shares	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		(313,354)
Total (gains) losses for period included in earnings	—		(4,621)		(3,500,751)		(143,277)		(444,656)		(13,721)				3,626
Balance at December 31, 2024	$	—	$	—	$	291,566	$	292,234	$	2,475,162	$	5,950	$	109,337	$	—

The fair value of the level 3 Private Warrants was estimated at December 31, 2023 using the Black-Scholes model which used the following inputs: term of 2.2 years, risk free rate of 4.18%, no dividends, volatility of 60.0%, and strike price of $4,600.00.

The fair value of the level 3 2022 July Institutional/Accredited Investor Warrants was estimated at December 31, 2024 using the Black-Scholes model which used the following inputs: term of 3.0 years, risk free rate of 4.47%, no dividends, volatility of 57.0%, common stock price of $3.12 and strike price of $1,500.00.

The fair value of the level 3 2022 July Institutional/Accredited Investor Warrants was estimated at December 31, 2023 using the Black-Scholes model which used the following inputs: term of 4.10 years, risk free rate of 3.92%, no dividends, volatility of 63.0%, common stock price of $1.20 and strike price of $1,500.00.

The fair value of the level 3 2024 February Institutional/Accredited Investor Warrants was estimated at December 31, 2024 using the Black-Scholes model which used the following inputs: term of 4.09 years, risk free rate of 4.33%, no dividends, volatility of 85.0%, common stock price of $3.12, and strike price of $20.00.

The fair value of the level 3 2024 October Institutional/Accredited Investor Warrants was estimated at December 31, 2024 using the Monte Carlo Simulation model which used the following inputs: term of 4.80 years, risk free rate of 4.20%, no dividends, volatility of 49.6%, common stock price of $3.12, and strike price of $3.78.

The fair value of the level 3 Senior Convertible Notes - October 2024 was estimated at December 31, 2024 using the Monte Carlo Simulation model which used the following inputs: term of 1.33 years, risk free rate of 4.20%, no dividends, volatility of 49.6%, common stock price of $3.12, and strike price of $3.40.

The fair value of the level 3 Additional Investment Rights - October 2024 was estimated at December 31, 2024 using the Monte Carlo Simulation model which used the following inputs: term of 1.33 years, risk free rate of 4.20%, no dividends, volatility of 49.6%, common stock price of $3.12, and strike price of $3.40.

The fair value of the level 3 2024 December Institutional/Accredited Investor Warrants was estimated at December 31, 2024 using the Black-Scholes model which used the following inputs: term of 5.00 years, risk free rate of 4.33%, no dividends, volatility of 85.0%, common stock price of $3.12, and strike price of $3.26.

The fair value of the level 3 derivative liability - non-controlling redeemable preferred shares are estimated at December 31, 2023 using the Monte Carlo Simulation model which used the following inputs: terms range from 0.6 years to 7.0 years, risk free rate of 3.87%, no dividends, volatility of 79.0% and probability of redemptions triggered of 75.0%.

There were no transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy in 2024 and 2023.

Cash, accounts receivable, accounts payable, and accrued expenses are generally carried on the cost basis, which management believes approximates fair value due to the short-term maturity of these instruments.

- Definition

The entire disclosure for the fair value of financial instruments (as defined), including financial assets and financial liabilities (collectively, as defined), and the measurements of those instruments as well as disclosures related to the fair value of non-financial assets and liabilities. Such disclosures about the financial instruments, assets, and liabilities would include: (1) the fair value of the required items together with their carrying amounts (as appropriate); (2) for items for which it is not practicable to estimate fair value, disclosure would include: (a) information pertinent to estimating fair value (including, carrying amount, effective interest rate, and maturity, and (b) the reasons why it is not practicable to estimate fair value; (3) significant concentrations of credit risk including: (a) information about the activity, region, or economic characteristics identifying a concentration, (b) the maximum amount of loss the entity is exposed to based on the gross fair value of the related item, (c) policy for requiring collateral or other security and information as to accessing such collateral or security, and (d) the nature and brief description of such collateral or security; (4) quantitative information about market risks and how such risks are managed; (5) for items measured on both a recurring and nonrecurring basis information regarding the inputs used to develop the fair value measurement; and (6) for items presented in the financial statement for which fair value measurement is elected: (a) information necessary to understand the reasons for the election, (b) discussion of the effect of fair value changes on earnings, (c) a description of [similar groups] items for which the election is made and the relation thereof to the balance sheet, the aggregate carrying value of items included in the balance sheet that are not eligible for the election; (7) all other required (as defined) and desired information.

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+ Details

Share-Based Compensation

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Share-Based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]

Share-Based Compensation

In 2010, the Company adopted the 2010 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2010 Plan”), which provides for the grant of restricted stock awards, stock options, and other share-based awards to employees, consultants, and directors. In November 2020, the Company’s Board of Directors extended the term of the 2010 Plan to July 1, 2021. In 2021, the Company adopted the 2020 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2020 Plan”), which provides for the grant of restricted stock awards, incentive and non-statutory stock options, and other share-based awards to employees, consultants, and directors. In June 2023, the 2020 Plan was amended, as approved by shareholders, to increase the common shares reserved for issuance under the plan by 10,000 shares. As of December 31, 2024, there is an aggregate of 63,497 common shares reserved for issuance under the 2020 Plan and may reset on January 1 of each year, based on a formula set forth in the Equity Incentive Plan. All options granted to date have a ten year contractual life and vesting terms of four years. In general, vested options expire if not exercised 90 days after termination of service. Forfeitures are accounted for as they occur. As of December 31, 2024, a total of 55,398 shares of common stock remained available for future issuance under the 2020 Plan.

Share-based compensation expense recognized in selling, general, and administrative, and research and development are as follows:


	Years Ended December 31,
		2024		2023
Options		$	2,370,564	$	2,676,963
Restricted stock		249,395		1,616,782
Stock options - modified options		169		43,139
Profit interest units		—		(229,250)
Total		$	2,620,127	$	4,107,634

The Company uses the Black-Scholes option pricing model to estimate the fair value of stock options. Fair value is estimated at the date of grant for employee and nonemployee options. The following assumptions were used in the Black-Scholes option pricing model to calculate the fair value of stock options granted for the year ended December 31, 2024 the 2020 Plan.

There were no options granted during the year ended December 31, 2024.

The following is a summary of the stock option activity under the 2010 Plan for the year ended December 31, 2024:


	Shares	Weighted- Average Exercise Price per Share($)	Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Term (Years)	Aggregate Intrinsic Value($)
Outstanding - December 31, 2023	1,916	1,033.98	3.53	—
Granted	—	—	—	—
Exercised	—	—	—	—
Forfeited	—	—	—	—
Expired/Cancelled	—	—	—	—
Outstanding - December 31, 2024	1,916	1,033.98	2.54	—

Options Exercisable at December 31, 2024	1,916	1,033.98	2.54	—
Option Vested at December 31, 2024	1,916	1,033.98	2.54	—

The following is a summary of the stock option activity under the 2020 Plan for the year ended December 31, 2024:


	Shares	Weighted- Average Exercise Price per Share ($)	Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Term (Years)	Aggregate Intrinsic Value($)
Outstanding - December 31, 2023	4,931	3,773.62	7.91	—
Granted	—	—	0.00	—
Exercised	—	—	—	—
Forfeited	(100)	618.64	—	—
Expired/Cancelled	(88)	1,900.59	—	—
Outstanding - December 31, 2024	4,743	3,874.89	6.68	—

Options Exercisable at December 31, 2024	3,415	5,024.23	6.39	—
Option Vested at December 31, 2024	3,415	5,024.23	6.39	—

There were no options granted during the year ended December 31, 2024.

During the year ended December 31, 2021, 4,100 options were modified to lower the exercise price by $240.00 per share, which will result in $246,000 of incremental compensation cost to be recognized over the remaining vesting period. The amount of additional compensation expense for the year ended December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, was $169 and $43,139, respectively.

Other Information:


	Years Ended December 31,
	2024		2023
Amount received from option exercised	$	—	$	—

	December 31, 2024				Weighted average remaining recognition period
Total unrecognized options compensation costs	$	593,163			0.35

No amounts relating to the 2010 Plan or 2020 Plan have been capitalized.

A summary of the status of the Company’s nonvested restricted stock units as of December 31, 2023, and changes during the year ended December 31, 2024, is presented below:


	Shares	Weighted- Average Grant Date Fair Value($)
Nonvested at December 31, 2023	1,051	2,206.09
Granted	—	—
Vested/Release	(36)	1,420.98
Cancelled/Forfeited	(1,015)	266.19
Nonvested and Outstanding at December 31, 2024	—	—

As of December 31, 2024, there was zero of total unrecognized compensation cost related to nonvested restricted stock.

Intangible Assets (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]

Schedule of estimated future amortization expense amortizable intangible assets

Total estimated future amortization expense is as follows:


2025	$	139,437
2026	137,770
2027	132,770
2028	132,770
2029	132,770
Thereafter	387,249
	$	1,062,766

Debt

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Debt Disclosure [Abstract]

Debt

The following is a summary of debt as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 :


	As of December 31,
	2024		2023
Term loan (1)	$	1,445,345	$	—
Promissory Notes - August 16, 2024	884,676		—
Promissory Notes - August 27, 2024 (2)	516,818		—
Senior Convertible Notes - October 2024 (3)	2,475,162		—
Senior Convertible Notes - December 2024	250,000		—
Total outstanding principal balance	5,572,001		—
Less: unamortized debt issuance costs and discounts	(84,170)		—
Total debt	5,487,831		—
Less: current portion of long-term debt	4,647,331		—
Long-term debt, net of current portion	$	840,500	$	—

__________________

(1) Principal balance and interest of $483,812 was fully repaid in March 2025.

(2) Principal balance and interest of $516,818 was fully repaid in January 2025.

(3) Amount represents the fair value of the convertible notes.

As of December 31, 2024, the total future maturities of the principal amounts of the debt obligations are as follows:


2025	$	4,647,331
2026	—
2027	840,500



	$	5,487,831

Term Loan

On August 9, 2024 and November 27, 2024, the Company entered into a Subordinated Business Loan and Security Agreement ("Term Loan") with Agile Lending, LLC, as lender, and Agile Capital Funding, LLC, as collateral agent. The August 9, 2024 and November 27, 2024 Term Loans are short-term, fixed interest rate obligations. Principal and interest on the two Term Loans are payable in arrears weekly. The August 9, 2024 and November 27, 2024 Term Loans are secured by certain of the Company's assets, and were evidenced by a subordinated secured promissory note.

The Term Loan contains customary affirmative and negative covenants. Among other things, these covenants restrict the Company's ability to incur certain types or amounts of indebtedness, incur liens on certain assets, dispose of material assets, enter into certain restrictive agreements, or engage in certain transactions with affiliates. Additionally, the Term Loan contains customary default provisions including, but not limited to, failure to pay interest or principal when due.

The following is a summary description of the key terms of the Term Loan:


Debt	Debt Origination Date	Maturity	Principal Amount Borrowed		Carrying Value		Weighted Weekly Average Interest Rate		Weighted Annual Average Interest Rate
Term Loan	8/9/2024	3/6/2025	$	1,000,000	$	483,812	2.96	%	153.90	%
Term Loan	11/27/2024	6/27/2025	$	1,000,000	$	961,533	2.96	%	153.90	%

Interest expense paid on the Term Loans for the year ended December 31, 2024 was $627,929. There was no interest expense on the Term Loans for the year ended December 31, 2023.

On March 6, 2025, the Company repaid fully the principal balance and interest of $483,812 of the August 9, 2024 Term Loan.

Promissory Notes - August 16, 2024

In connection with the formation of Deep Impact (see Note 1), Promissory Notes (each a “SPV Promissory Note”) with conversion option were issued to each of Gregory Poilasne and David Robson, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer of the Company (collectively, the “SPV Note Holders”), respectively, in exchange for up to an aggregate of $1,500,000, to further support project costs in exchange for their investment into Deep Impact. Each SPV Promissory Note was issued with

an original principal amount of $750,000 (the “Principal Amount”). As of December 31, 2024, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have funded $610,500 and $230,000, respectively, of the Promissory Notes.

The SPV Promissory Notes have a term of three years and bear interest at a rate of 17.5% per annum. The SPV Promissory Notes further provide that upon certain events of default, the SPV Note Holders shall have the option to convert the outstanding amounts on such SPV Promissory Notes for an aggregate of 101 membership units in Deep Impact, allocated pro rata to such Holder’s share of the aggregate outstanding principal amount under the SPV Promissory Notes. Additionally, pursuant to the Deep Impact governance documents, the SPV Note Holders will be entitled to a share of the Deep Impact’s 25% of the operating cash flows in addition to the interest amounts payable under the SPV Promissory Notes.

Interest expense paid on the SPV Promissory Notes for the year December 31, 2024 was $44,176. There was no interest expense on the SPV Promissory Notes for the year December 31, 2023.

Promissory Notes - August 27, 2024

On August 27, 2024, the Company issued promissory notes with conversion option to each of Gregory Poilasne and David Robson, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer (collectively, the “Note Holders”) of the Company, respectively, in exchange for an aggregate of $500,000 (the "Nuvve Promissory Notes"). Each Nuvve Promissory Note was issued with an original Principal Amount of $250,000. The Principal Amount of each Nuvve Promissory Note includes an original issue discount of $12,500, or 5.00%. In exchange for the Nuvve Promissory Notes, each Note Holder paid a purchase price of $237,500 (the “Non-OID Principal Amount”) in cash to the Company, for aggregate gross proceeds to the Company of $475,000.

The Nuvve Promissory Notes accrue interest at a rate of 10.50% per annum, subject to an increase to 12.5% upon the occurrence of an event of default (as that term is defined in the Nuvve Promissory Notes), and have a maturity date of October 31, 2024 (the “Maturity Date”). Pursuant to the Nuvve Promissory Notes, all accrued and unpaid interest and principal amount are payable in cash on the Maturity Date. If the Company consummates a Change of Control (as such term is defined in the Nuvve Promissory Notes), the outstanding balance of the Nuvve Promissory Note plus any unpaid accrued interest will become immediately due and payable.

Upon the occurrence of an event of default, as defined in the Nuvve Promissory Note agreement, each Note Holder may at its option require all principal and unpaid accrued interest become immediately due and payable in full. Further, at any time after the occurrence of an event of default, each Note Holder may convert any outstanding principal and unpaid accrued interest under the Nuvve Promissory Notes into shares of the Company’s common stock, at a conversion price per share of $0.492. The issuance of the Nuvve Promissory Notes was and, upon any conversion of the Nuvve Promissory Notes, the issuances of any conversion shares of common stock issued thereunder will be, exempt from registration under Section 4(a)(2) and/or Rule 506(b) of Regulation D as promulgated by the Securities and Exchange Commission under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, as transactions by an issuer not involving any public offering.

The Nuvve Promissory Notes provides that, in the event currently outstanding security interests granted by the Company and its subsidiaries to certain lenders (the “Existing Security Interests”) are released at any time during which the Nuvve Promissory Notes are outstanding, the Company shall grant the Holders a security interest in substantially all of the Company’s assets. To the extent that the Existing Security Interests are not released prior to the Maturity Date or earlier termination of the Nuvve Promissory Notes, the Promissory Notes will remain unsecured.

Interest expense on the Nuvve Promissory Notes for the year ended December 31, 2024 was $18,065. There was no interest expense paid on the Nuvve Promissory Notes for the year ended December 31, 2023.

On January 31, 2025, the Company repaid the principal balance and interest of Nuvve Promissory Notes for a total amount repaid of $523,097.

Senior Convertible Notes - October 2024

In October 2024, the Company issued (i) senior convertible notes (the "October Notes") to certain accredited investors of the Company, pursuant to a securities purchase agreement, in exchange for an aggregate of $3,750,000.01 of a principal amount, and (ii) accompany warrants to purchase shares of Common Stock (the “October Warrants”). The principal amount of the October Notes included an original issue discount of $375,000, or 10.00%, with net cash proceed to the Company of $3,375,000.01, which was funded on October 31, 2024.

The Company's the Chief Executive Officer, Mr. Poilanse, participated as an investor and was issued an October Note in the principal amount of $250,000. The principal amount of the October Notes issued to Mr. Poilanse included an original issue

discount of $25,000, or 10.00% with a net cash proceed to the Company of $225,000, which was funded on September 30, 2024.

The October Notes have a term of 18 months and bear interest at an effective rate of 8.00% per annum, and have a maturity date of March 31, 2026. Pursuant to the October Notes, all accrued and unpaid interest and principal amount are payable in cash on the maturity date. The October Notes are payable in 15 equal payments with the first payment starting on the fourth month after issuance of the October Notes. The holders of the October Notes have the option to convert any outstanding principal and unpaid accrued interest under the October Notes into shares of the Company’s common stock, at a conversion price of $3.402 per share.

In conjunction with the October Notes, the Company issued to the investors warrants to purchase an aggregate of 1,102,295 shares of Common Stock, representing 100.0% of the shares (the “Warrant Shares”) of Common Stock that each October Note is convertible into as of the issuance of the October Notes, at an exercise price of $3.78 per share (the “Exercise Price”), which was the most recent closing price of the Common Stock prior to the closing as reported by the Nasdaq Stock Market LLC (“Nasdaq”).

The Warrants Shares are exercisable immediately and will expire five years after the date of issuance and may be exercised on a cashless basis in the event of a fundamental transaction involving the Company or if the resale of the shares of common stock underlying the Warrants Shares is not covered by an effective registration statement. The Exercise Price is subject to full ratchet antidilution protection, subject to certain price limitations required by Nasdaq rules and regulations and certain exceptions, upon any subsequent transaction at a price lower than the Exercise Price then in effect and standard adjustments in the event of certain events, such as stock splits, combinations, dividends, distributions, reclassifications, mergers or other corporate changes.

On December 31, 2024 the Company issued a convertible note to an investor for $250,000. Under the anti-dilution provisions in the October Notes agreement, existing holders of the October Notes conversion price, and the warrant exercise price adjusted after December 31, 2024 to the lower of a new fixed price $2.638 or the variable price based on the average of the five lowest prices over the prior ten trading days prior to the note conversion and warrant exercise.

Additionally, for so long as the October Notes or the Warrants remain outstanding, the investors shall have the right (the “Additional Investment Right”), exercisable at any time and from time to time commencing after the six-month anniversary of the October Notes closing, to purchase up to an aggregate of $12,500,000 additional Notes and Warrants (the “Additional Notes” and “Additional Warrants,” respectively). The Additional Notes and Additional Warrants shall have the same terms as the October Notes and Warrants, except that the conversion price of the Additional Notes and the exercise price of the Additional Warrants shall each be equal to 95.00% of the average of the five lowest daily prices in the ten trading days prior to the date such investor exercises its Additional Investment Right.

The October Notes and warrants are recorded as a liability in the consolidated balance sheet at fair value, with changes in fair value recorded in the consolidated statement of operations. See Note 4 for details of changes in fair value recorded in the consolidated statement of operations.

Interest expense on the October Notes for the year ended December 31, 2024 was $52,685.

Subsequent to December 31, 2024, the accredited investors have converted most of the October Notes to the Company's shares of common stock pursuant to the securities purchase agreement. Please see Note 21 for details.

Senior Convertible Notes - December 2024

On December 31, 2024, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement (the “December Purchase Agreement”) with an accredited institutional and individual investors (the “December Investor”), pursuant to which the Company agreed to issue to the December Investor (i) a $250,000 principal amount (the “December Principal Amount”) senior convertible promissory note, carrying a 10.00% original issue discount (the “December Note”), convertible into shares of our common stock and (ii) an accompanying warrant (the “December Warrant”) to purchase shares of Common Stock (the “December Private Placement”). On December 31, 2024, the Company closed the December Private Placement and issued the December Note and the December Warrant (the “Closing”).

The December Note have a term of 12 months and bear interest at an effective rate of 8.00% per annum, and have a maturity date of December 31, 2025. The December Note is convertible at the option of the December Investor, at any time, in whole or in part, into such number of shares of Common Stock equal to the principal amount of the note outstanding plus all accrued and unpaid interest at a conversion price equal to $2.931 per share. In conjunction with the December Note, the Company issued to the December Investor warrants to purchase an aggregate of 85,287 shares of Common Stock, at an exercise price of $3.26 per share.

Interest expense on the December Note for the year ended December 31, 2024 was zero.

- Definition

The entire disclosure for information about short-term and long-term debt arrangements, which includes amounts of borrowings under each line of credit, note payable, commercial paper issue, bonds indenture, debenture issue, own-share lending arrangements and any other contractual agreement to repay funds, and about the underlying arrangements, rationale for a classification as long-term, including repayment terms, interest rates, collateral provided, restrictions on use of assets and activities, whether or not in compliance with debt covenants, and other matters important to users of the financial statements, such as the effects of refinancing and noncompliance with debt covenants.

+ References

Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 470
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 6
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-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147481544/470-10-50-6

Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 470
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Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
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Reference 4: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
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Reference 6: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
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Reference 7: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
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Reference 8: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
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Reference 9: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
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Reference 10: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef
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Reference 11: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
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Reference 12: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
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Reference 13: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
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-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147481139/470-20-50-1B

Reference 14: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 470
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Reference 15: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
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Reference 16: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
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Reference 17: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
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Reference 18: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
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Reference 19: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
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+ Details

Inventories (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Inventory Disclosure [Abstract]

Schedule of inventory by category

The following table summarizes the Company’s inventories balance by category:


	As of December 31,
	2024		2023
DC Chargers	$	3,966,115	$	5,275,934
AC Chargers	474,154		236,316

Component parts and Carbon Credits	151,633		377,203
Total	$	4,591,902	$	5,889,453

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)	12 Months Ended
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)	Dec. 31, 2024
Accounting Policies [Abstract]
Reverse Stock Split	Reverse Stock Split At the Company’s Special Meeting of Stockholders held on January 5, 2024, the Company’s stockholders approved a proposal to authorize a reverse stock split of the Company’s common stock, at a ratio within the range of 1-for-2 to 1-for-40. The Board approved a 1-for-40 reverse split ratio, and on January 19, 2024, the Company filed a Certificate of Amendment to the Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Company with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware to effect the reverse split effective January 19, 2024 (the “January 2024 Reverse Stock Split”). The January 2024 Reverse Stock Split is already reflected in the year ended December 31, 2023 consolidated financial statement balances. Additionally, at the Company’s Annual Meeting of Stockholders held on September 9, 2024, the Company’s stockholders approved a proposal to authorize a reverse stock split of the Company’s common stock, at a ratio within the range of 1-for-2 to 1-for-10. The Board approved a 1-for-10 reverse split ratio, and on September 16, 2024, the Company filed a Certificate of Amendment to the Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Company with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware to effect the reverse split effective September 17, 2024 (the “September 2024 Reverse Stock Split” and together with the January 2024 Reverse Stock Split, the “Reverse Stock Splits”). The Reverse Stock Splits were also applicable to the Company’s outstanding warrants, stock options and restricted stock units. The number of shares of common stock into which these outstanding securities are convertible or exercisable were adjusted proportionately as a result of the Reverse Stock Splits. The exercise prices of any outstanding warrants or stock options were also proportionately adjusted in accordance with the terms of those securities and the Company’s equity incentive plans. The Reverse Stock Splits did not affect the number of authorized shares of the Company's common stock or the par value of the common stock. All issued and outstanding common stock, options to purchase common stock, warrants to purchase common stock and per share amounts contained in the consolidated financial statement have been retroactively adjusted to reflect each of the January 2024 Reverse Stock Split and the September 2024 Reverse Stock Split for all periods presented.
Basis of Presentation	Basis of Presentation The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”). The Company has reclassified certain prior period amounts to conform to the current year presentation. In accordance with the related Going Concern accounting standards, the Company has evaluated whether there are conditions and events, considered in the aggregate, that raise substantial doubt about its ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the consolidated financial statements are issued. Since inception, the Company has incurred recurring losses and negative cash flows from operations and has an accumulated deficit of $165.6 million and $148.2 million as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. During the years ended December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company incurred an operating loss of $20.5 million and $32.1 million, respectively, and used $15.7 million and $21.3 million, respectively, of cash in operations. The Company continues to expect to generate operating losses and negative cash flows and will need additional funding to support its planned operating activities through profitability and to repay its $0.9 million of debt due within a year after these financial statements are issued. The transition to profitability is dependent upon the successful expanded commercialization of the Company's GIVe platform and the achievement of a level of revenues adequate to support its cost structure. Management plans to fund current operations and satisfy its other obligations through increased revenues and raising additional capital. Management's expectations with respect to the Company’s ability to fund current operations and its other obligations is based on estimates that are subject to risks and uncertainties. There is an inherent risk that the Company may not achieve such financial projections and if so, cash outflows could be higher than currently anticipated. However, as such plans are not solely within management’s control management cannot conclude as of the date of this filing that the plans are probable of being successfully implemented and as such has concluded that substantial doubt exists about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern for twelve months from the date of issuance of our financial statements. The consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments relating to the recoverability and classification of recorded asset amounts or the amounts and classification of liabilities that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.
Principles of Consolidation	Principles of ConsolidationThe consolidated financial statements include the accounts and operations of the Company, its wholly owned subsidiaries and its consolidated variable interest entity. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated upon consolidation.
Variable Interest Entities	Variable Interest Entities Pursuant to the consolidation guidance, the Company first evaluates whether it holds a variable interest in an entity in which it has a financial relationship and, if so, whether or not that entity is a variable interest entity ("VIE"). A VIE is an entity with insufficient equity at risk for the entity to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support or in which equity investors at risk lack the characteristics of a controlling financial interest. If an entity is determined to be a VIE, the Company evaluates whether the Company is the primary beneficiary. The primary beneficiary analysis is a qualitative analysis based on power and economics. The Company concludes that it is the primary beneficiary and consolidates the VIE if the Company has both (i) the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly influence the VIE's economic performance, and (ii) the obligation to absorb losses of, or the right to receive benefits from, the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE. The Company formed Deep Impact with Nuvve CPO and WISE, in which the Company owns 51% of Deep Impact's common units. The Company has determined that Deep Impact is a VIE in which the Company is the primary beneficiary. Accordingly, the Company consolidates Deep Impact and records a non-controlling interest for the share of the entity owned by WISE. The Company formed Levo with Stonepeak and Evolve, in which the Company owned 51% of Levo's common units. The Company had determined that Levo was a VIE in which the Company was the primary beneficiary. Accordingly, the Company consolidated Levo and recorded a non-controlling interest for the share of the entity owned by Stonepeak and Evolve. On October 15, 2024, the Company, Stonepeak, and Evolve entered into a Limited Liability Company Interest Sale Agreement, pursuant to which Stonepeak and Evolve sold their combined 49% membership interest in Levo to the Company for a de minimis price. In connection with, and pursuant to Stonepeak and Evolve's sale of their combined interest in Levo to the Company (See Note 1), the Company became the 100% owner of Levo. On December 13, 2024, the Company dissolved Levo as an entity. Assets and Liabilities of Consolidated VIEs The Company's consolidated financial statements include the assets, liabilities and results of operations of VIEs for which the Company is the primary beneficiary. The other equity holders’ interests are reflected in "Net loss attributable to non-controlling interests" in the consolidated statements of operations and "Non-controlling interests" in the consolidated balance sheets. See Note 19 for details of non-controlling interests. The creditors of the consolidated VIE do not have recourse to the Company other than to the assets of the consolidated VIEs.
Redeemable Non-Controlling Interest - Mezzanine Equity and Noncontrolling Interest	Redeemable Non-Controlling Interest - Mezzanine Equity Redeemable non-controlling interest represents the shares of the preferred stock issued by Levo to Stonepeak and Evolve (the "preferred shareholders"), who owned 49% of Levo common units. The preferred stock was not mandatorily redeemable or currently redeemable, but it could be redeemable with the passage of time at the election of Levo, the preferred shareholders or a trigger event as defined in the preferred stock agreement. As a result of the contingent put right available to the preferred shareholders, the redeemable non-controlling interests in Levo are classified as mezzanine equity in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets as mezzanine equity. The initial carrying value of the redeemable non-controlling interest is reported at the initial proceeds received on issuance date, reduced by the fair value of embedded derivatives resulting in an adjusted initial carrying value. The adjusted initial carrying value is further adjusted for the accretion of the difference with the redemption price value using the effective interest method. The accretion amount is a deemed dividend recorded against retained earnings or, in its absence, to additional-paid-in-capital. The carrying amount of the redeemable non-controlling interest is measured at the higher of the carrying amount adjusted each reporting period for income (or loss) attributable to the non-controlling interest, or the carrying amount adjusted each reporting period by the accretion amount. See Note 19 for details. In connection with, and pursuant to Stonepeak and Evolve sale of their combined interest in Levo to the Company (See Note 1), the Company became the 100% owner of Levo. As result, the redeemable non-controlling interest, the redeemable preferred stock, including the accumulated unpaid accrued preferred dividends, were cancelled during year ended December 31, 2024. (d)Non-controlling interests The Company presents non-controlling interests as a component of equity on its consolidated balance sheets and reports the portion of its earnings or loss for non-controlling interest as net earnings or loss attributable to non-controlling interests in the consolidated statements of operations. For entities that are consolidated, but not 100% owned, a portion of the net income or loss and corresponding equity is allocated to owners other than the Company. The aggregate of the net income or loss and corresponding equity that is not owned by the Company is included in non-controlling interests in the consolidated financial statements. Non-controlling interests are presented outside as a separate component of stockholders’ equity on the Company’s consolidated Balance Sheets. The primary components of non-controlling interests are separately presented in the Company’s consolidated statements of changes in stockholders’ equity to clearly distinguish the interest in the Company and other ownership interests in the consolidated entities. Net income or loss includes the net income or loss attributable to the holders of non-controlling interests on the Company’s consolidated statements of operations. Net income or loss is allocated to non-controlling interests in proportion to their relative ownership interests.
Profits Interests Units (Class D Incentive Units)	Profits Interests Units (Class D Incentive Units) Class D Incentive Units are issued by Levo to certain key employees in the form of profits interests within the meaning of the Internal Revenue Service (“Profits Interests”). Any future distributions under the Profits Interests will only occur once distributions made to all other member units exceed a threshold amount. The Company performed an analysis of the key features of the Profits Interests to determine whether the nature of the Profits Interests are (a) an equity award which should be accounted for under ASC 718, Compensation – Stock Compensation or (b) a bonus arrangement which should be accounted for under ASC 710, Compensation – General. Based on the features of the Profits Interests, the awards are considered stock compensation to be accounted for as equity. Accordingly, compensation expense for the Profits Interests will be recognized over the vesting period of the awards. In connection with, and pursuant to Stonepeak and Evolve's sale of their combined interest in Levo to the Company on October 15, 2024, the Company became the 100% owner of Levo. As result, the Class D Incentive Units were cancelled.
Emerging Growth Company	Emerging Growth Company Section 102(b)(1) of the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012 (the “JOBS Act”) permits emerging growth companies (“EGC”) to delay adoption of new or revised financial accounting standards that do not yet apply to private companies (that is, those that have not had a Securities Act registration statement declared effective or do not have a class of securities registered under the Exchange Act). The Company qualifies as an EGC. The JOBS Act provides that an EGC can elect to opt-out of the extended transition period and comply with the requirements that apply to non-EGCs, but any such election to opt-out is irrevocable. The Company has elected not to opt-out of such an extended transition period, which means that when a standard is issued or revised and it has different application dates for public or private companies, the Company, as an EGC, can adopt the new or revised standard at the time private companies adopt the new or revised standard. This different adoption timing may make a comparison of the Company’s financial statements with another public company which is neither an EGC nor an EGC that has opted out of using the extended transition period difficult or impossible because of the potential differences in accounting standards used.
Use of Estimates	Use of Estimates The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that may affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Significant estimates and assumptions made by management include the impairment of intangible assets, the net realizable value of inventory, the fair value of share-based payments, lease incremental borrowing rate, derivative liability associated with redeemable preferred shares, revenue recognition, the fair value of warrants, annual bonus accrual, and the recognition and disclosure of contingent liabilities. Management evaluates its estimates on an ongoing basis. Actual results could materially vary from those estimates.
Warrants	Warrants The Company reviews the terms of warrants to purchase its common stock to determine whether warrants should be classified as liabilities or stockholders’ equity in its consolidated balance sheet. In order for a warrant to be classified in stockholders’ equity, the warrant must be (a) indexed to the Company’s equity and (b) meet the conditions for equity classification in Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Subtopic 815-40, Derivatives and Hedging – Contracts in an Entity’s Own Equity. If a warrant does not meet the conditions for equity classification, it is carried on the consolidated balance sheet as a warrant liability measured at fair value, with subsequent changes in the fair value of the warrant recorded in the statement of operations as change in fair value of warrants in other income (expense). If a warrant meets both conditions for equity classification, the warrant is initially recorded in additional paid-in capital on the consolidated balance sheets, and the amount initially recorded is not subsequently remeasured at fair value.
Foreign Currency Matters	Foreign Currency Matters For Nuvve Corp., Nuvve SaS, and Nuvve LTD, the functional currency is the U.S. dollar. All local foreign currency asset and liability amounts are remeasured into U.S. dollars at balance sheet date exchange rates, except for inventories, prepaid expenses, and property, plant, and equipment, which are remeasured at historical rates. Foreign currency revenue and expenses are remeasured at average exchange rates in effect during the year, except for expenses related to balance sheet amounts which are remeasured at historical exchange rates. Transaction gains and losses that arise from exchange rate fluctuations on transactions denominated in a currency other than the functional currency are included in other income (expense) in the consolidated statements of operations. The financial position and results of operations of the Company’s non-U.S. dollar functional currency subsidiary, Nuvve Denmark, are measured using the subsidiary’s local currency as the functional currency. The Company translates the assets and liabilities of Nuvve Denmark into U.S. dollars using exchange rates in effect at the balance sheet date. Revenues and expenses for the subsidiary are translated using rates that approximate those in effect during the period. The resulting translation gain and loss adjustments are reflected as a foreign currency translation adjustment in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) within stockholders’ equity in the consolidated balance sheets. Foreign currency translation adjustments are included in other comprehensive income in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.
Cash and Restricted Cash	Cash and Restricted Cash The Company maintains cash balances that can, at times, exceed amounts insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, which is up to $250,000. The Company has not experienced any losses in these accounts and believes it is not exposed to any significant credit risk in this area. In connection with a new office lease agreement, the Company was required to provide irrevocable, unconditional letter of credit to the landlord upon execution of the lease. The total amount securing the letter of credit and recorded as restricted cash as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 was $320,000 and $480,000, respectively.
Accounts Receivable	Accounts ReceivableAccounts receivable consist primarily of payments due from customers under the Company’s contracts with customers. The Company performs ongoing credit evaluations of customers to assess the probability of accounts receivable collection based on a number of factors, including past transaction experience with the customer, assessment of their credit history, and review of the invoicing terms of the contract. The Company maintains an allowance for credit losses on customer accounts when deemed necessary. Based on the analysis, the Company recorded an allowance for credit losses as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.
Concentrations of Credit Risk	Concentrations of Credit Risk At December 31, 2024 and 2023, the financial instruments which potentially expose the Company to concentration of credit risk consist of cash in financial institutions (in excess of federally insured limits) and trade receivables. The Company had certain customers whose revenue individually represented 10% or more of the Company’s total revenue, or whose accounts receivable balances individually represented 10% or more of the Company’s total accounts receivable, as follows: For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, three customers accounted for 33.2%, and three customers accounted for 30.3% of total revenue, respectively. During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company's top five customers accounted for approximately 42.3% and 38.9%, respectively, of the Company’s total revenue. At December 31, 2024, three customers in aggregate accounted for 71.6% of accounts receivable. At December 31, 2023, three customers in aggregate accounted for 60.9% of accounts receivable. Approximately 81.3% and 74.0% of the Company’s trade accounts receivable balance was with five customers at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The Company estimates its maximum credit risk for accounts receivable at the amount recorded on the balance sheet. The trade accounts receivables are generally short-term and all potential credit losses have been appropriately considered in establishing the allowance for doubtful accounts.
Inventories	InventoriesInventories, consisting primarily of DC chargers, are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value. The Company values its inventories using the first-in, first-out method. Cost includes purchased products. Net realizable value is based on current selling prices less costs of disposal. At December 31, 2024, and December 31, 2023, the Company’s inventories consisted solely of finished goods, components parts and carbon credits. Should demand for the Company’s products prove to be significantly less than anticipated, the ultimate realizable value of the Company’s inventories could be substantially less than the amount shown on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.
Property and Equipment, Net	Property and Equipment, Net Property and equipment are carried at cost less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is calculated on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the respective asset. Maintenance and repairs are expensed as incurred while betterments are capitalized. Upon sale or disposition of assets, any gain or loss is included in the consolidated statement of operations.
Intangible Assets	Intangible Assets Intangible assets consist of patents which are amortized over the period of estimated benefit using the straight-line method. No significant residual value is estimated for intangible assets.
Impairment of Long-Lived Assets	Impairment of Long-Lived AssetsThe Company evaluates long-lived assets for impairment, including evaluating the useful lives for amortizing intangible assets, whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of an asset may not be recoverable. If the estimated future cash flows (undiscounted and without interest charges) from the use of an asset are less than the carrying value, a write-down would be recorded to reduce the related asset to its estimated fair value.
Investments in Equity Securities Without Readily Determinable Fair Values	Investments in Equity Securities Without Readily Determinable Fair Values Investments in equity securities of nonpublic entities without readily determinable fair values are carried at cost minus impairment, if any, plus or minus changes resulting from observable price changes in orderly transactions for the identical or a similar investment of the same issuer. The Company reviews its equity securities without readily determinable fair values on a regular basis to determine if the investment is impaired. For purposes of this assessment, the Company considers the investee’s cash position, earnings and revenue outlook, liquidity, and management ownership, among other factors, in its review. If management’s assessment indicates that an impairment exists, the Company estimates the fair value of the equity investment and recognizes in current earnings an impairment loss that is equal to the difference between the fair value of the equity investment and its carrying amount. In February 2019, the Company invested in common shares of Dreev SaS, (“Dreev”). Dreev is a nonpublic entity, for which there is no readily determinable fair value. As of December 31, 2024, and December 31, 2023, the Company’s investment in Dreev was accounted for as an investment in equity securities without a readily determinable fair value.
Employee Savings Plan	Employee Savings PlanThe Company maintains a savings plan on behalf of its employees that qualifies under Section 401(k) of the Internal Revenue Code. Participating employees may contribute up to the statutory limits.
Fair Value Measurement	Fair Value Measurement The Company’s financial instruments consist principally of cash, accounts receivable, accounts payable, accrued expenses, and warrants. Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. In determining fair value, the Company utilizes valuation techniques that maximize the use of observable inputs and minimizes the use of unobservable inputs to the extent possible. The Company also considers counterparty risk and its own credit risk in its assessment of fair value. The categorization of financial instruments within the valuation hierarchy is based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The inputs used to measure fair value are prioritized based on a three-level hierarchy. The three levels of inputs used to measure fair value are defined as follows: •Level 1 – Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. •Level 2 – Other inputs that are observable directly or indirectly, such as quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities or market corroborated inputs. •Level 3 – Unobservable inputs are used when little or no market data is available, which requires the Company to develop its own assumptions about how market participants would value the assets or liabilities.
Net Loss Per Share Attributable to Common Stockholders	Net Loss Per Share Attributable to Common Stockholders The Company’s basic and diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders is calculated by dividing the net loss attributable to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding for the period. The computation of net loss attributable to common stockholders is computed by deducting net earnings or loss attributable to non-controlling interests, preferred dividends on redeemable non-controlling interest, and accretion on preferred shares on redeemable non-controlling interest from the consolidated net earnings or loss (Note 15).
Revenue Recognition	Revenue Recognition The Company recognizes revenue in accordance with the way that depicts the transfer of control of promised products or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled in exchange for those products or services. The Company enters into contracts that can include various combinations of products and services, which are generally distinct and accounted for as separate performance obligations. Revenue is recognized net of allowances for credits and any taxes collected from customers, which are subsequently remitted to governmental authorities. The Company recognizes revenue through the following steps: •Identification of the contract, or contracts, with a customer; •Identification of the performance obligations in the contract; •Determination of the transaction price; •Allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and •Recognition of revenue when, or as, the Company satisfies a performance obligation. The Company’s revenue is primarily derived from sales of EV charging stations, school buses, fees for cloud computing services related to providing access to the Company’s GIVe platform, and fees for extended warranty and maintenance services. The Company also has performed certain software development services and received government grants. GIVe platform access is considered a monthly series comprised of one performance obligation and fees are recognized as revenue in the period the services are provided to and consumed by the customer. The transaction price for each contract is allocated between the identified performance obligations based on relative estimated standalone selling prices. The Company occasionally enters into contracts with customers in which EV charging stations are sold at a discount in exchange for a higher percentage of revenue share from the customer selling energy through the GIVe platform or from carbon credits. Due to the long-term nature of these payment terms, certain contracts are considered to have significant financing components as it relates to the equipment. The Company estimates the effect of any significant financing component and records the revenue associated with the EV charging stations at the estimated present value of the expected stream of payments. As payments are received, the difference between the total payment and the amortized value of the receivable is recorded to interest income in Other income (expense) in the consolidated statements of operations using the effective yield method. Products – The Company sells EV charging stations either on a standalone basis or together with services such as access to the GIVe platform, extended warranty and maintenance services. When the sale of charging station is a distinct performance obligation, revenue is recognized upon delivery. For other customer contracts, the charging stations are sold as part of a solution and are not distinct from the services, and revenue from the charging station is recognized upon completion of installation and commissioning of the equipment. Services – Specific contracts contain licenses to the software that provides the V2G functionality for one- to twelve-year contract periods through access to the Company’s software as a service GIVe platform application. The Company determined that the nature of the GIVe application performance obligation is providing continuous access to its GIVe application for the contract period. Although the activities that the customer may be able to perform via the GIVe application may vary from day to day, the overall promise is to provide continuous access to the GIVe application to the customer for a period of one- to twelve years. Thus, access to the GIVe application represents a series of distinct services that are substantially the same and have the same pattern of transfer to the customer, and the Company has determined that for GIVe SaaS revenue, the best indicator for the transfer of control is the passage of time. The payment terms for some of the Company’s service contracts include revenue sharing arrangements whereby the Company is entitled to the right to receive a portion of the revenue generated by the customer selling energy through the GIVe platform or from carbon credits received as a result of the customer using the GIVe platform. Revenue is recognized as it is received. The Company has entered into various agreements for research and development and software development services. The terms of these arrangements typically include terms whereby the Company receives milestone payments in accordance with the scope of services outlined in the respective agreement or is reimbursed for allowable costs. At the inception of each arrangement that includes milestone payments, the Company evaluates whether a significant reversal of cumulative revenue associated with achieving the milestones is probable and estimates the amount to be included in the transaction price using the most likely amount method. If it is probable that a significant reversal of cumulative revenue would not occur, the associated milestone value is included in the transaction price. The Company applies judgment in evaluating factors such as the scientific, regulatory, commercial, and other risks that must be overcome to achieve a particular milestone in making this assessment. At the end of each subsequent reporting period, the Company reevaluates the probability of achievement of all milestones subject to constraint and, if necessary, adjusts its estimate of the overall transaction price. Any such adjustments are recorded on a cumulative catch-up basis, which would affect revenues and earnings in the period of adjustment. Revenue arising from reimbursed allowable costs are recognized as the costs are submitted and approved by the applicable agency. The Company occasionally sells extended warranty contracts on the charging stations, which includes maintenance of the equipment for a period (e.g., three years, five years, 10 years, 12 years). The warranty provides the customer with assurance that the product will function as intended for the period of the contract and maintenance services related to the equipment. Since the warranty provides a customer with a service in addition to the assurance that the product complies with agreed-upon specifications, the promised service is a performance obligation. Access to the warranty services represent a series of distinct services that are substantially the same and have the same pattern of transfer to the customer, and the Company recognizes warranty revenue ratably with the passage of time. The Company occasionally enters into agreements with third parties that include payment of management fees for services such as project design, planning, and management. Revenue on such agreements are recognized based on pre-agreed fees schedule on the performance obligations. Revenue for certain service contracts, such as third party installation, is recognized on gross basis over time using an input method where progress on the performance obligation is measured based on the proportional actual costs incurred to date relative to the total costs expected to be required to satisfy the performance obligation. Bill-and-hold arrangements - The Company occasionally enters into bill and hold arrangements in which some customers request that billed products that are ready for delivery be held at the Company's warehouse facility for them until shipment at a later date. In this instance, revenue is recognized when; 1) the risks of ownership, including title, have passed to the customer, 2) the product must be identified separately as belonging to the customer, 3) the product currently must be ready for physical transfer to the customer, and 4) the Company does not have the ability to use the product or to direct it to another customer. Grant revenue – The Company has concluded that grants are not within the scope of ASC 606, as government entities do not meet the definition of a “customer” as defined by ASC 606, and as for the grants, there is not considered to be a transfer of control of goods or services to the government entity funding the grant. Additionally, the Company has concluded these government grants meet the definition of a contribution and are non-reciprocal transactions; however, ASC Subtopic 958-605, Not-for-Profit-Entities-Revenue Recognition, does not apply, as the Company is a business entity, and the grants are with a governmental agency. Revenues from each grant are based upon internal costs incurred that are specifically covered by the grant. Revenue is recognized as the Company incurs expenses that are related to the grant. The Company believes this policy is consistent with the overarching premise in ASC 606, to ensure that it recognizes revenues to reflect the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which it expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services, even though there is no “exchange” as defined in the ASC. The Company believes the recognition of revenue as costs are incurred and amounts become earned/realizable is analogous to the concept of transfer of control of a service over time under ASC 606. The Company considers contract modifications to exist when the modification either creates new or makes changes to the existing enforceable rights and obligations. Contract modifications for services that are not distinct from the existing contract are accounted for as if they were part of that existing contract. In these cases, the effect of the contract modification on the transaction price and the measure of progress for the performance obligation to which it relates are recognized as an adjustment to revenue (either as an increase in or a reduction of revenue) on a cumulative catch-up basis. Contract modifications for goods or services that are considered distinct from the existing contract are accounted for as separate contracts. The Company’s contract liabilities consist solely of deferred revenue related to amounts billed or received in advance of services or products delivered.
Cost of Revenue	Cost of Revenue Cost of revenue consists primarily of costs of material, including hardware and software costs, and costs of providing services, including employee compensation and other costs associated with supporting these functions. Cost of revenue does not include depreciation and amortization costs.
Contract Costs	Contract Costs Under ASC Subtopic 340-40, Other Assets and Deferred Costs—Contracts with Customers (“ASC 340-40”), the Company defers all incremental costs, including commissions, and costs incurred to obtain or to perform contracts, and amortizes these costs over the expected period of benefit which is generally the life of the contract. The Company evaluated incremental contract costs for contracts in place as of December 31, 2024, and December 31, 2023 and determined that these costs are recoverable.
Income Taxes	Income Taxes The Company accounts for income taxes under the asset and liability method in accordance with ASC Topic 740, Income Taxes, (“ASC 740”), under which it recognizes deferred income taxes, net of valuation allowances, for net operating losses, tax credit carryforwards, and the estimated future tax effects of temporary differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. The Company evaluates its deferred tax assets quarterly to determine if a valuation allowance is required and considers whether a valuation allowance should be recorded against deferred tax assets based on the likelihood that the benefits of the deferred tax assets will or will not ultimately be realized in future periods. In making this assessment, significant weight is given to evidence that can be objectively verified, such as recent operating results, and less consideration is given to less objective indicators, such as future income projections. After consideration of positive and negative evidence, if the Company determines that it is not more likely than not that it will generate future income sufficient to realize its deferred tax assets, the Company will record a reduction in the valuation allowance. The Company applies certain provisions of ASC 740, which includes a two-step approach to recognizing and measuring uncertain tax positions. The first step is to evaluate the tax position for recognition by determining if the weight of available evidence indicates it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained on audit, including resolution of related appeals or litigation processes, if any. The second step is to measure the tax benefit or obligation as the largest amount that is more than 50% likely of being realized upon ultimate settlement. The Company considers many factors when evaluating and estimating its tax positions and tax benefits, which may require periodic adjustments.
Research and Development	Research and Development The Company expenses research and development costs as incurred. External software development expense is included in research and development costs except for those costs which require capitalization in accordance with GAAP. Certain research and development costs are related to performance on grant contracts.
Share-Based Compensation	Share-Based CompensationThe Company accounts for all share-based compensations costs granted to employees and non-employees under the method prescribed by ASC 718-10, Stock Compensation (Note 13). Stock-based compensation cost is measured based on the estimated grant date fair value of the award and is recognized as expense over the requisite service period. The Company accounts for forfeitures as they occur.
Leases	Leases The Company makes a determination if an arrangement constitutes a lease at inception, and categorizes the lease as either an operating or finance lease. Operating leases are included in right-of-use operating lease assets and operating lease liabilities in the Company's consolidated balance sheets. Finance leases are included in property, plant and equipment, net and other liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets. Leases with an initial term of 12 months or less are not recorded on the consolidated balance sheets. The Company has entered into leases for building facilities and vehicles. The Company’s leases have contractual terms of up to 10 years, some of which have options to extend the lease. For purposes of calculating operating lease liabilities, lease terms are deemed not to include options to extend the lease renewals until it is reasonably certain that the Company will exercise that option. The Company's lease agreements do not contain any material residual value guarantees or material restrictive covenants. Right-of-use lease assets represent the Company's right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent the Company's obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. Operating lease right-of-use assets and liabilities are recognized at commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. As the implicit rate on most of the Company's leases are not reasonable determinable, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at commencement date in determining the present value of lease payments. The Company uses the implicit rate when readily determinable. Lease terms may include options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that the company will exercise that option. Lease expense is primarily recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. The Company has lease agreements with lease and non-lease components, which are combined for certain assets classes.
Recently adopted accounting pronouncements and Recently issued accounting pronouncements not yet adopted	Recently adopted accounting pronouncements In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280) Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures. ASU 2023-07 requires disclosure of significant segment expenses that are regularly provided to the chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) and included within each reported measure of segment profit or loss, an amount and description of its composition for other segment items to reconcile to segment profit or loss, and the title and position of the Company’s CODM. The amendments in this update also provide new segment disclosure requirements for entities with a single reportable segment, and expand the interim segment disclosure requirements. ASU 2023-07 is effective for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024. Early adoption is permitted and the amendments in this update are required to be applied on a retrospective basis. The Company adopted the guidance effective for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024. The adoption of the guidance did not have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements. See Note 20 for disclosure. (ac)Recently issued accounting pronouncements not yet adopted In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740) Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures. ASU 2023-09 requires disclosure of disaggregated income taxes paid in both U.S. and foreign jurisdictions, prescribes standard categories for the components of the effective tax rate reconciliation and modifies other income tax-related disclosures. ASU 2023-09 is effective for the Company’s fiscal year ending December 31, 2025. Early adoption is permitted and the amendments in this update should be applied on a prospective basis, though retrospective adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this guidance on its consolidated financial statements. In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses. ASU 2024-03 requires a public business entity ("PBE") to disclose, on an annual and interim basis, additional information about certain costs and expenses in the notes to financial statements. Specifically, in a tabular disclosure, the amounts of (a) purchases of inventory; (b) employee compensation; (c) depreciation; (d) intangible asset amortization; and (e) depreciation, depletion, and amortization recognized as part of oil- and gas-producing activities (or other amounts of depletion expense) included in each relevant expense caption. Within the same tabular disclosure, a PBE is required to include certain expense, gain, or loss amounts that are already required to be disclosed under U.S. GAAP. Additionally, a PBE is required to disclose a qualitative description of the amounts remaining in relevant expense captions that are not separately disaggregated quantitatively. The guidance also requires a PBE to disclose the total amount of selling expenses and, in annual reporting periods, an entity's definition of selling expenses. Effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and for interim periods beginning after December 15, 2027. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of the adoption on its financial statement disclosures.

Fair Value Measurements (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]

Schedule of liabilities measured at fair value on the condensed consolidated balance sheet


	Level 1: Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets		Level 2: Significant Other Observable Inputs		Level 3: Significant Unobservable Inputs		Total at December 31, 2024		Total Gains (Losses) For The Year Ended December 31, 2024
Recurring fair value measurements
Private warrants - February 2020	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—

2022 July Institutional/Accredited Investor Warrants	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	4,621
2024 February Institutional/Accredited Investor Warrants	$	—	$	—	$	291,566	$	291,566	$	3,500,751
2024 October Institutional/Accredited Investor Warrants	$	—	$	—	$	292,234	$	292,234	$	143,277
Senior Convertible Notes - October 2024	$	—	$	—	$	2,475,162	$	2,475,162	$	444,656
Additional Investment Rights - October 2024	$	—	$	—	$	5,950	$	5,950	$	13,721
2024 December Institutional/Accredited Investor Warrants	$	—	$	—	$	109,337	$	109,337	$	—
Derivative liability - non-controlling redeemable preferred shares	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	(3,626)
Total recurring fair value measurements	$	—	$	—	$	3,174,249	$	3,174,249	$	4,103,400


	Level 1: Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets		Level 2: Significant Other Observable Inputs		Level 3: Significant Unobservable Inputs		Total at December 31, 2023		Total Gains (Losses) For The Year Ended December 31, 2023
Recurring fair value measurements
Private warrants - February 2020	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	2,000

2022 July Institutional/Accredited Investor Warrants	$	—	$	—	$	4,621	$	4,621	$	214,263
Derivative liability - non-controlling redeemable preferred shares	$	—	$	—	$	309,728	$	309,728	$	49,497
Total recurring fair value measurements	$	—	$	—	$	314,349	$	314,349	$	265,760

Schedule of fair value on a recurring basis


	Private Warrants - February 2020		2022 July Institutional/Accredited Investor Warrants		2024 February Institutional/Accredited Investor Warrants		2024 October Institutional/Accredited Investor Warrants		Senior Convertible Notes - October 2024		Additional Investment Rights - October 2024		2024 December Institutional/Accredited Investor Warrants		Non-controlling redeemable preferred shares - derivative liability
Balance at December 31, 2023	$	—	$	4,621	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	309,728






Initial fair value	—		—		3,792,317		435,511		2,919,818		19,671		109,337		—
Cancelled - non-controlling redeemable preferred shares	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		(313,354)
Total (gains) losses for period included in earnings	—		(4,621)		(3,500,751)		(143,277)		(444,656)		(13,721)				3,626
Balance at December 31, 2024	$	—	$	—	$	291,566	$	292,234	$	2,475,162	$	5,950	$	109,337	$	—

Non-Controlling Interest

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Noncontrolling Interest [Abstract]

Non-Controlling Interest

For entities that are consolidated, but not 100% owned, a portion of the net income or loss and corresponding equity is allocated to owners other than the Company. The aggregate of the net income or loss and corresponding equity that is not owned by the Company is included in non-controlling interests in the consolidated financial statements.

Non-controlling interests are presented outside as a separate component of stockholders’ equity on the Company’s consolidated Balance Sheets. The primary components of non-controlling interests are separately presented in the Company’s consolidated statements of changes in stockholders’ equity to clearly distinguish the interest in the Company and other ownership interests in the consolidated entities. Net income or loss includes the net income or loss attributable to the holders of non-controlling interests on the Company’s consolidated statements of operations. Net income or loss is allocated to non-controlling interests in proportion to their relative ownership interests.

Levo Series B Redeemable Preferred Stock

Levo is authorized to issue zero shares of series B preferred stock at no par value.

In connection with, and pursuant to Stonepeak and Evolve's sale of their combined interest in Levo to the Company (See Note 1), the Company became the 100% owner of Levo. As result, the redeemable preferred stock, including the accumulated unpaid accrued preferred dividends, were cancelled. On December 13, 2024, the Company dissolved Levo as an entity. Levo was a consolidated entity of the Company. See the tables below.

The Company formed Deep Impact with Nuvve CPO and WISE, in which the Company owns 51% of Deep Impact's common units. The Company has determined that Deep Impact is a VIE in which the Company is the primary beneficiary. Accordingly, the Company consolidates Deep Impact and records a non-controlling interest for the share of the entity owned by WISE.

The following table summarizes non-controlling interests presented as a separate component of stockholders’ equity on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets:


	December 31, 2024		December 31, 2023

Beginning Balance	$	(4,894,101)	$	(3,950,186)
Add: net loss attributable to non-controlling interests	$	(53,376)	(12,456)
Less: dividends paid or accrued to non-controlling interests	151,508		285,595
Less: Preferred share accretion adjustment	322,932		645,864
Cancellation of non-controlling interests	5,393,108		—
Non-controlling interests	$	(28,809)	$	(4,894,101)

The following table summarizes non-controlling interests presented as a separate component of the Company’s consolidated statements of operations:


	December 31, 2024		December 31, 2023


Net loss attributable to non-controlling interests	$	(28,809)	$	(12,456)

Redeemable Non-controlling Interest Reconciliation — Mezzanine Equity


	December 31, 2024		December 31, 2023
Beginning balance	$	4,193,629	$	3,547,765




Preferred share accretion adjustment	$	322,932	645,864
Cancellation of non-controlling interests	$	(4,516,561)	—
Ending balance	$	—	$	4,193,629

Profits Interests Units (Class D Incentive Units)

In April 2022, Levo issued Class D Incentive Units to certain key employees in the form of profits interests within the meaning of the Internal Revenue Service (“Profits Interests”). Any future distributions under the Profits Interests will only occur once distributions made to all other member units exceed a threshold amount. The Company performed an analysis of the key features of the Profits Interests to determine whether the nature of the Profits Interests are (a) an equity award which should be accounted for under ASC 718, Compensation – Stock Compensation or (b) a bonus arrangement which should be accounted for under ASC 710, Compensation – General. Based on the features of the Profits Interests, the awards are considered stock compensation to be accounted for as equity. Accordingly, compensation expense for the Profits Interests will be recognized over the vesting period of the awards.

Subject to the grantee not incurring a termination prior to the applicable vesting date, the Incentive Units vest as follows: (i) 80% of the Incentive Units will vest in equal 25% installments on each of the first four (4) anniversaries of the grant date (such that 80% of the total number of Incentive Units issued to the grantee hereunder will be vested on the fourth anniversary of the Grant Date) and (ii) the remaining 20% of the Incentive Units will vest upon a Change of Control. Therefore, the expenses recorded will only reflect the 80% vesting portion.

During the year ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company recorded compensation expense, included in selling, general, and administrative, under the Profits Interests of zero and $127,134, respectively.

A summary of the status of the Company’s Class D Incentive Units as of December 31, 2023, and changes during year ended December 31, 2024, is presented below:


	Shares	Weighted- Average Grant Date Fair Value($)
Nonvested at December 31, 2023	50,000	12.49
Granted	—	—
Vested	—	—
Cancelled (1)	50,000	12.49
Nonvested and Outstanding at December 31, 2024	—	—

As of December 31, 2024, there was zero of total unrecognized compensation cost related to nonvested Class D Incentive Units.

Noncontrolling Interest - Schedule of nonvested Class D Incentive Units (Details) - Class D Incentive Units	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024 $ / shares shares
Shares
Beginning balance (in Shares) \| shares	50,000
Granted (in Shares) \| shares	0
Vested (in Shares) \| shares	0
Cancelled (in Shares) \| shares	50,000
Ending balance (in Shares) \| shares	0
Weighted- Average Grant Date Fair Value($)
Beginning balance (in Dollars per share) \| $ / shares	$ 12.49
Granted (in Dollars per share) \| $ / shares	0
Vested (in Dollars per share) \| $ / shares	0
Cancelled (in Dollars per share) \| $ / shares	12.49
Ending balance (in Dollars per share) \| $ / shares	$ 0

Revenue Recognition (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Revenue from Contract with Customer [Abstract]

Schedule of information regarding disaggregated revenue based on revenue by service

The following table provides information regarding disaggregated revenue:


	Years Ended December 31,
		2024		2023
Revenue recognized over time:
Services - engineering and others (1)		$	1,986,008	$	1,322,953
Grid services		321,671		839,265
Grants		409,977		326,757
Revenue recognized at point in time:
Products		2,568,573		5,843,187
Total revenue		$	5,286,229	$	8,332,162

__________________

(1) Amount includes $848,929 of management fees earned related to Fresno EV infrastructure project management.

Schedule of aggregate amount of revenue for the Company’s existing contracts with customers

The aggregate amount of revenue for the Company’s existing contracts with customers as of December 31, 2024 expected to be recognized in the future, and classified as deferred revenue on the consolidated balance sheet for year ended December 31, is as follows (this disclosure does not include revenue related to contracts whose original expected duration is one year or less):


2025	$	506,496
2026	466,594
2027	154,737
2028	78,250
Thereafter	72,166
Total (1)	$	1,278,243

__________________

(1) The revenue recognition is subject to the completion of construction and commissioning of the EV infrastructure.

Revenue from External Customers by Geographic Areas

The following table summarizes the Company’s revenues by geography:


	Years Ended December 31,
		2024		2023

United States		$	4,979,722	$	7,858,583
United Kingdom		—		33,047
Denmark		306,507		440,532
		$	5,286,229	$	8,332,162

Non-Controlling Interest (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Noncontrolling Interest [Abstract]

Schedule of condensed financial statements

The following table summarizes non-controlling interests presented as a separate component of stockholders’ equity on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets:


	December 31, 2024		December 31, 2023

Beginning Balance	$	(4,894,101)	$	(3,950,186)
Add: net loss attributable to non-controlling interests	$	(53,376)	(12,456)
Less: dividends paid or accrued to non-controlling interests	151,508		285,595
Less: Preferred share accretion adjustment	322,932		645,864
Cancellation of non-controlling interests	5,393,108		—
Non-controlling interests	$	(28,809)	$	(4,894,101)

Schedule of condensed income statement

The following table summarizes non-controlling interests presented as a separate component of the Company’s consolidated statements of operations:


	December 31, 2024		December 31, 2023


Net loss attributable to non-controlling interests	$	(28,809)	$	(12,456)

Schedule of redeemable noncontrolling interest

Redeemable Non-controlling Interest Reconciliation — Mezzanine Equity


	December 31, 2024		December 31, 2023
Beginning balance	$	4,193,629	$	3,547,765




Preferred share accretion adjustment	$	322,932	645,864
Cancellation of non-controlling interests	$	(4,516,561)	—
Ending balance	$	—	$	4,193,629

Schedule of stock option activity

The following is a summary of the stock option activity under the 2010 Plan for the year ended December 31, 2024:


	Shares	Weighted- Average Exercise Price per Share($)	Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Term (Years)	Aggregate Intrinsic Value($)
Outstanding - December 31, 2023	1,916	1,033.98	3.53	—
Granted	—	—	—	—
Exercised	—	—	—	—
Forfeited	—	—	—	—
Expired/Cancelled	—	—	—	—
Outstanding - December 31, 2024	1,916	1,033.98	2.54	—

Options Exercisable at December 31, 2024	1,916	1,033.98	2.54	—
Option Vested at December 31, 2024	1,916	1,033.98	2.54	—

The following is a summary of the stock option activity under the 2020 Plan for the year ended December 31, 2024:


	Shares	Weighted- Average Exercise Price per Share ($)	Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Term (Years)	Aggregate Intrinsic Value($)
Outstanding - December 31, 2023	4,931	3,773.62	7.91	—
Granted	—	—	0.00	—
Exercised	—	—	—	—
Forfeited	(100)	618.64	—	—
Expired/Cancelled	(88)	1,900.59	—	—
Outstanding - December 31, 2024	4,743	3,874.89	6.68	—

Options Exercisable at December 31, 2024	3,415	5,024.23	6.39	—
Option Vested at December 31, 2024	3,415	5,024.23	6.39	—

A summary of the status of the Company’s Class D Incentive Units as of December 31, 2023, and changes during year ended December 31, 2024, is presented below:


	Shares	Weighted- Average Grant Date Fair Value($)
Nonvested at December 31, 2023	50,000	12.49
Granted	—	—
Vested	—	—
Cancelled (1)	50,000	12.49
Nonvested and Outstanding at December 31, 2024	—	—

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Concentrations of Credit Risk (Details) - Customer Concentration Risk	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Three Customers \| Revenue Benchmark
Revenue, Major Customer [Line Items]
Concentration risk	33.20%	30.30%
Three Customers \| Accounts Receivable
Revenue, Major Customer [Line Items]
Concentration risk	71.60%	60.90%
Top Five Customers \| Revenue Benchmark
Revenue, Major Customer [Line Items]
Concentration risk	42.30%	38.90%
Five Customers \| Accounts Receivable
Revenue, Major Customer [Line Items]
Concentration risk	81.30%	74.00%

Subsequent Events	12 Months Ended
Subsequent Events	Dec. 31, 2024
Subsequent Events [Abstract]
Subsequent Events	Subsequent Events Debt On March 6, 2025, the Company repaid the principal balance and interest of the August 9, 2024 Term Loan. On January 31, 2025, the Company repaid the principal balance and interest of Nuvve Promissory Notes (see Note 11) for a total amount repaid of $523,097. As of March 31, 2025, the accredited investors have converted $3,335,339 of the October Notes (see Note 11) into 1,568,020 of the Company's shares of common stock for an average conversion price of $2.315 per share pursuant to the securities purchase agreement. Additionally, as of March 31, 2025, the accredited investors have exercised 281,652 of the warrants related to the October Notes (see Note 11) into 281,652 of the Company's shares of common stock for an average exercise price of $2.080 per share pursuant to the securities purchase agreement for total gross proceeds to the Company of $585,836. On March 5, 2025, the Company issued to certain investors (i) an aggregate of $1,666,666.67 principal amount senior convertible promissory notes ("March 2025 Convertible Notes"), carrying a 10.00% original issue discount, convertible into shares of Common Stock, and (ii) accompanying warrants ("March 2025 Warrants") to purchase shares of Common Stock. The March 2025 Convertible Notes have a term of 18 months and bear interest at an effective rate of 8.00% per annum which automatically increases to 18.00% per annum in the event of a default. The March 2025 Convertible Notes is convertible at the option of the investors, at any time, in whole or in part, into such number of shares of Common Stock equal to the principal amount of the note outstanding plus all accrued and unpaid interest at a conversion price equal to $2.02 per share. The March 2025 Warrants are exercisable for up to an aggregate of 100.00% of the shares of Common Stock that each March 2025 Convertible Note is convertible into as of the issuance date, at an exercise price of $2.02 per share, which represents 95% of the average of the five lowest trading prices in the ten trading days prior to the date the investors exercised their additional investment right, as set forth in the purchase agreement. Authorized Shares On February 21, 2025, the shareholders of the Company, in a special election approved an amendment of the Company’s Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation to increase the total number of authorized Common Stock from 100,000,000 shares to 200,000,000 shares.

Related Parties	12 Months Ended
Related Parties	Dec. 31, 2024
Related Party Transactions [Abstract]
Related Parties	Related Parties As described in Note 6, the Company holds equity interests in and provides certain consulting services to Dreev, an entity in which a stockholder of the Company owns the other portion of Dreev’s equity interests. The consulting services was zero for the year ended December 31, 2024 and $43,399 for the year ended December 31, 2023. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company recognized revenue of $159,629 from an entity that is an investor of the Company. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company recognized revenue of $192,413 from the same entity that is an investor in the Company. The Company had a balance of accounts receivable of zero each at December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, from the same entity that is an investor in the Company. As described in Note 11, on August 27, 2024, the Company issued Promissory Notes with a conversion option to each of Gregory Poilasne and David Robson, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer of the Company, in exchange for an aggregate principal amount of $500,000. Each Promissory Note was issued with an original principal amount of $250,000. On January 31, 2025, the Company repaid the principal balance and interest of Nuvve Promissory Notes (see Note 20) for a total amount repaid of $523,097. As described in Note 11, and in connection with the formation of the Deep Impact (see Note 1), Promissory Notes with a conversion option were issued to each of Gregory Poilasne and David Robson, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer of the Company, respectively, in exchange for an aggregate of $1,500,000, to further support project costs in exchange for their investment into Deep Impact. Each Promissory Note was issued with an original principal amount of $750,000. As of December 31, 2024, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have funded $610,500 and $230,000, respectively, of the Promissory Notes. As described in Note 11, in October 2024, the Company issued senior convertible notes with a conversion option to certain investors, including Gregory Poilasne, the Chief Executive Officer of the Company, in exchange for a principal amount of $250,000, and a Warrant to purchase 73,487 shares of Common Stock.

- Definition

The entire disclosure for related party transactions. Examples of related party transactions include transactions between (a) a parent company and its subsidiary; (b) subsidiaries of a common parent; (c) and entity and its principal owners; and (d) affiliates.

+ References

Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 946
-SubTopic 20
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 2
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147480990/946-20-50-2

Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 946
-SubTopic 20
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 5
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147480990/946-20-50-5

Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 946
-SubTopic 20
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 6
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147480990/946-20-50-6

Reference 4: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 946
-SubTopic 235
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 2
-Subparagraph (c)
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147477968/946-235-50-2

Reference 5: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 946
-SubTopic 235
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 2
-Subparagraph (e)
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147477968/946-235-50-2

Reference 6: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 850
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 1
-Subparagraph (d)
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147483326/850-10-50-1

Reference 7: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 946
-SubTopic 220
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section S99
-Paragraph 1
-Subparagraph (SX 210.6-07(2)(g)(3))
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147479134/946-220-S99-1

Reference 8: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 946
-SubTopic 220
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section S99
-Paragraph 1
-Subparagraph (SX 210.6-07(2)(c))
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147479134/946-220-S99-1

Reference 9: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 946
-SubTopic 220
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section S99
-Paragraph 1
-Subparagraph (SX 210.6-07(2)(e))
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147479134/946-220-S99-1

Reference 10: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 850
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/850/tableOfContent

Reference 11: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 850
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 6
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147483326/850-10-50-6

Reference 12: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 850
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 1
-Subparagraph (a)
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147483326/850-10-50-1

Reference 13: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 850
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 1
-Subparagraph (b)
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147483326/850-10-50-1

+ Details

Inventories (Details) - USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Inventory [Line Items]
Total	$ 4,591,902	$ 5,889,453
DC Chargers
Inventory [Line Items]
Total	3,966,115	5,275,934
AC Chargers
Inventory [Line Items]
Total	474,154	236,316
Component parts and Carbon Credits
Inventory [Line Items]
Total	$ 151,633	$ 377,203

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS - USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Current Assets
Cash	$ 371,497	$ 1,534,660
Restricted cash	320,000	480,000
Accounts receivable, net	2,148,198	1,724,899
Inventories	4,591,902	5,889,453
Prepaid expenses	494,986	994,719
Deferred costs	417,290	1,145,608
Other current assets	931,244	751,412
Total Current Assets	9,275,117	12,520,751
Property and equipment, net	613,958	766,264
Intangible assets, net	1,062,766	1,202,203
Investment in equity securities	670,951	670,951
Investment in leases	101,415	112,255
Right-of-use operating lease assets	4,493,360	4,839,526
Deferred costs - noncurrent	564,558	521,994
Financing receivables	0	288,872
Security deposit, long-term	15,687	27,690
Total Assets	16,797,812	20,950,506
Current Liabilities
Accounts payable	1,882,357	1,694,325
Accrued expenses	3,393,205	4,632,101
Deferred revenue - current	506,496	697,105
Convertible notes - current	2,475,162	0
Operating lease liabilities - current	914,800	856,250
Other liabilities	6,969	105,141
Total Current Liabilities	11,351,158	7,984,922
Operating lease liabilities - noncurrent	4,254,173	4,646,383
Deferred revenue - noncurrent	771,747	332,951
Due to related party - promissory notes - noncurrent	840,500	0
Warrants/investment rights liability	699,087	4,621
Derivative liability - non-controlling redeemable preferred shares	0	309,728
Other long-term liabilities	170,794	681,438
Total Liabilities	18,087,459	13,960,043
Commitments and Contingencies
Mezzanine equity
Redeemable non-controlling interests, preferred shares, zero par value, 1,000,000 shares authorized, 0 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2024 and 3,138 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2023; aggregate liquidation preference of $0 and $3,750,201 at December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.	0	4,193,629
Stockholders’ Equity
Common stock, $0.0001 par value, 100,000,000 shares authorized; 904,949 issued and 903,269 outstanding at December 31, 2024; 124,659 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2023.	6,408	5,927
Treasury stock, at cost, 1,680 shares outstanding at December 31, 2024; 0 shares outstanding at December 31, 2023.	(0.17)	0
Additional paid-in capital	164,285,336	155,615,962
Accumulated other comprehensive income	46,494	93,676
Accumulated deficit	(165,599,076)	(148,240,859)
Nuvve Holding Corp. Stockholders’ Equity	(1,260,838)	7,474,706
Non-controlling interests	(28,809)	(4,894,101)
Total Stockholders’ (Deficit) Equity	(1,289,647)	2,580,605
Total (deficit) equity	(1,289,647)	6,990,463
Total Liabilities and Equity	16,797,812	20,950,506
Nonrelated Party
Current Liabilities
Current debt	1,609,928	0
Related Party
Current Assets
Accounts receivable, net	0	0
Current Liabilities
Current debt	562,241	0
Class D Incentive Units
Mezzanine equity
Class D Incentive units, zero par value, 1,000,000 units authorized, 0 and 50,000 units issued and outstanding at December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.	0	216,229
Cumulative Preferred Stock
Stockholders’ Equity
Preferred stock, value, issued	$ 0	$ 0

Income Taxes - Deferred Tax Assets (Liabilities) (Details) - USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]
Equity investment	$ (386,544)	$ (467,463)
Accrued liabilities and other	3,043,132	3,300,936
Right-of-use assets	(1,158,556)	(1,261,194)
Lease liabilities	1,332,754	1,434,002
Research and experimental expenditures	2,678,310	2,689,390
Net operating losses	26,176,691	21,654,440
Net deferred tax assets (liabilities) before valuation allowance	31,685,787	27,350,111
Valuation allowance	(31,685,787)	(27,350,111)
Net deferred tax assets (liabilities)	$ 0	$ 0

Investments	12 Months Ended
Investments	Dec. 31, 2024
Investments [Abstract]
Investments	Investments The Company accounts for its 5% equity ownership in Dreev as an investment in equity securities without a readily determinable fair value subject to impairment. The Company has a consulting services agreement with Dreev related to software development and operations. The consulting services were zero and $43,399 for the years ended December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. The consulting services are being provided to Dreev at the Company’s cost and is recognized as other income, net in the consolidated statements of operations.

Debt - Narrative (Details)						1 Months Ended				12 Months Ended
Debt - Narrative (Details)	Jan. 31, 2025 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2024 USD ($) loan d $ / shares shares	Aug. 27, 2024 USD ($) $ / shares	Aug. 16, 2024 USD ($) membership_unit	Mar. 06, 2024 USD ($)	Mar. 31, 2025 USD ($) $ / shares	Jan. 31, 2025 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2024 USD ($) loan $ / shares shares	Oct. 31, 2024 USD ($) payment d $ / shares shares	Dec. 31, 2024 USD ($) loan $ / shares shares	Dec. 31, 2023 USD ($)	May 17, 2021
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Number of term loans held \| loan		2						2		2
Less: unamortized debt issuance costs and discounts		$ 84,170						$ 84,170		$ 84,170	$ 0
Warrants outstanding, term												10 years
Carrying Value		$ 900,000						$ 900,000		$ 900,000
Warrants Issued October 31, 2024
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Number of securities called by warrants (in shares) \| shares									1,102,295
Exercise price (in dollars per share)									100.00%
Exercise price (in dollars per share) \| $ / shares									$ 3.78
Warrants outstanding, term									5 years
Warrants Issued December 31, 2024
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Number of securities called by warrants (in shares) \| shares		85,287						85,287		85,287
Exercise price (in dollars per share) \| $ / shares		$ 3.26						$ 3.26		$ 3.26
Convertible Debt
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Waiting period before exercise									6 months
Right to purchase additional notes and warrants									$ 12,500,000
Term loan
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Interest expense										$ 627,929	0
Carrying Value		$ 1,445,345						$ 1,445,345		1,445,345	0
Term loan \| Subsequent Event
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Repayment of debt						$ 483,812
August 2024 Term Loan \| Subordinated Debt
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Repayment of debt					$ 483,812
Face amount		1,000,000						1,000,000		1,000,000
Carrying Value		483,812						483,812		483,812
Promissory Notes - August 16, 2024 \| Promissory Notes
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Interest expense										44,176	0
Face amount				$ 750,000
Debt instrument, stated rate, percent				17.50%
Equity method investment, membership units \| membership_unit				101
Equity method investment, entitled share of operating cash flows, percent				25.00%
Debt instrument, term				3 years
Promissory Notes - August 16, 2024 \| Promissory Notes \| Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Face amount				$ 1,500,000
Promissory Notes - August 16, 2024 \| Promissory Notes \| Chief Executive Officer
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Funded amount		610,500						610,500		610,500
Promissory Notes - August 16, 2024 \| Promissory Notes \| Chief Financial Officer
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Funded amount		230,000						230,000		230,000
Promissory Notes - August 27, 2024
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Proceeds from PIPE offering			$ 475,000
Promissory Notes - August 27, 2024 \| Subsequent Event
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Repayment of debt							$ 516,818
Promissory Notes - August 27, 2024 \| Promissory Notes
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Interest expense										18,065	$ 0
Face amount			250,000
Less: unamortized debt issuance costs and discounts			$ 12,500
Original issue discount, percent			5.00%
Purchase price			$ 237,500
Conversion price (in dollars per share) \| $ / shares			$ 0.492
Promissory Notes - August 27, 2024 \| Promissory Notes \| Subsequent Event
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Repayment of debt	$ 523,097
Promissory Notes - August 27, 2024 \| Promissory Notes \| Minimum
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Debt instrument, stated rate, percent			10.50%
Promissory Notes - August 27, 2024 \| Promissory Notes \| Maximum
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Debt instrument, stated rate, percent			12.50%
Promissory Notes - August 27, 2024 \| Promissory Notes \| Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Face amount			$ 500,000
Senior Convertible Notes - October 2024 \| Promissory Notes \| Chief Executive Officer
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Face amount									$ 250,000
Number of securities called by warrants (in shares) \| shares									73,487
Senior Convertible Notes - October 2024 \| Convertible Debt
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Interest expense										52,685
Face amount									$ 3,750,000.01
Less: unamortized debt issuance costs and discounts									$ 375,000
Original issue discount, percent									10.00%
Purchase price									$ 3,375,000.01
Conversion price (in dollars per share) \| $ / shares									$ 3.402
Debt instrument, term									18 months
Effective rate									8.00%
Number of equal payments \| payment									15
Senior Convertible Notes - October 2024 \| Convertible Debt \| Subsequent Event
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Conversion price (in dollars per share) \| $ / shares						$ 2.315
Senior Convertible Notes - October 2024 \| Convertible Debt \| Chief Executive Officer
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Face amount									$ 250,000
Less: unamortized debt issuance costs and discounts									$ 25,000
Original issue discount, percent									10.00%
Purchase price									$ 225,000
Senior Convertible Notes - December 2024 \| Convertible Debt
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Interest expense										0
Face amount		$ 250,000						$ 250,000		$ 250,000
Conversion price (in dollars per share) \| $ / shares		$ 2.638						$ 2.638		$ 2.638
Threshold trading days \| d		5
Threshold consecutive trading days \| d		10
Additional Notes And Warrants Issued October 31, 2024 \| Convertible Debt
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Threshold trading days \| d									5
Threshold percentage of stock price trigger									95.00%
Threshold consecutive trading days \| d									10
Senior Convertible Notes - December 2024 \| Convertible Debt
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Face amount		$ 250,000						$ 250,000		$ 250,000
Debt instrument, stated rate, percent		10.00%						10.00%		10.00%
Conversion price (in dollars per share) \| $ / shares		$ 2.931						$ 2.931		$ 2.931
Debt instrument, term								12 months
Effective rate		8.00%						8.00%		8.00%

Leases

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Leases [Abstract]

Leases

The Company has entered into leases for commercial office spaces and vehicles. These leases are not unilaterally cancellable by the Company, are legally enforceable, and specify fixed or minimum amounts. The leases expire at various dates through 2031 and provide for renewal options. In the normal course of business, it is expected that these leases will be renewed or replaced by leases on other properties.

The leases provide for increases in future minimum annual rental payments based on defined increases in the Consumer Price Index, subject to certain minimum increases. Also, the agreements generally require the Company to pay real estate taxes, insurance, and repairs.

Supplemental consolidated balance sheet information related to leases is as follows:


	Classification	December 31, 2024		December 31, 2023

Operating lease assets	Right-of-use operating lease assets	$	4,493,360	$	4,839,526
Finance lease assets	Property and equipment, net	6,890		13,154
Total lease assets		$	4,500,250	$	4,852,680

Operating lease liabilities - current	Operating lease liabilities - current	$	914,800	856,250
Operating lease liabilities - noncurrent	Operating lease liabilities - noncurrent	4,254,173		4,646,383
Finance lease liabilities - current	Other liabilities - current	6,969		7,391
Finance lease liabilities - noncurrent	Other long-term liabilities	1,519		7,764
Total lease liabilities		$	5,177,462	$	5,517,788

The components of lease expense are as follows:


		Year Ended December 31,		Year Ended December 31,
	Classification	2024		2023

Operating lease expense	Selling, general and administrative	$	912,671	$	914,533
Finance lease expense:
Amortization of finance lease assets	Selling, general and administrative	5,568		5,779
Interest on finance lease liabilities	Interest (expense) income, net	1,180		1,801
Total lease expense		$	919,419	$	922,113


	Operating Lease		Finance Lease
Maturities of lease liabilities are as follows:	December 31, 2024		December 31, 2024
2025	$	953,976	$	7,344
2026	981,717		1,742
2027	987,955		—
2028	937,727		—
2029	925,564		—
Thereafter	1,935,262		—
Total lease payments	6,722,201		9,086
Less: interest	(1,553,227)		(598)
Total lease liabilities	$	5,168,974	$	8,488

Lease term and discount rate:


	December 31, 2024	December 31, 2023
Weighted-average remaining lease terms (in years):
Operating lease	6.7	7.8
Finance lease	1.3	2.5

Weighted-average discount rate:
Operating lease	7.8%	7.8%
Finance lease	7.8%	7.8%

Other Information:


	Years Ended December 31,		Years Ended December 31,
	2024		2023
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities:
Operating cash flows from operating leases	$	357,118	$	476,208
Operating cash flows from finance leases related to interest expense	$	1,180	$	1,801
Financing cash flows from finance leases	$	10,074	$	8,140

Leased assets obtained in exchange for new finance lease liabilities	$	6,890	$	13,154
Leased assets obtained in exchange for new operating lease liabilities	$	—	$	—

Sublease

In April 2022, the Company entered into a sublease agreement with certain local San Diego companies to sublease a portion of the Company's 4,811 square foot expansion. The term of the sublease is six months to twelve months with fixed base rental income ranging from $2,250 to $14,500 per month. The sublease has no option for renewal or extension at the end of the sublease term.

In July 2024, the Company entered into a sublease agreement to sublease a portion of the Company's 7,842 square foot office space. The term of the sublease is 7.5 years with fixed base rental income ranging from $15,400 to $37,880 per month. The sublease has no option for renewal or extension at the end of the sublease term.

Sublease income are as follows:


		Year Ended December 31,		Year Ended December 31,
	Classification	2024		2023
Sublease income	Other, net	$	381,894	$	466,888

Lessor

In 2022, the Company entered into a 10 year master services agreement ("MSA") with a certain school district for FaaS to electrify their school bus fleet. A statement of work (“SOW”) for engineering, procurement and construction ("EPC") was also executed in conjunction with the MSA. As part of this SOW, the Company will provide electric vehicle supply equipment ("EVSE") and related warranties, infrastructure engineering and construction, installation of EVSE, and subscription services to Nuvve’s V2G GIVe platform. The MSA has both lease and non-lease components. The lease component is the EVSE and non-lease components are the EPCs. The Company accounted for the lease components as a sale-type lease with the investment in lease of $101,415 and $112,255 at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Lease income are as follows:


		Year Ended December 31,		Year Ended December 31,
	Classification	2024		2023
Lease income	Products	$	36,201	$	24,027
Interest income	Products	18,584		13,987
Total lease income		$	54,785	$	38,014

Leases

Supplemental consolidated balance sheet information related to leases is as follows:


	Classification	December 31, 2024		December 31, 2023

Operating lease assets	Right-of-use operating lease assets	$	4,493,360	$	4,839,526
Finance lease assets	Property and equipment, net	6,890		13,154
Total lease assets		$	4,500,250	$	4,852,680

Operating lease liabilities - current	Operating lease liabilities - current	$	914,800	856,250
Operating lease liabilities - noncurrent	Operating lease liabilities - noncurrent	4,254,173		4,646,383
Finance lease liabilities - current	Other liabilities - current	6,969		7,391
Finance lease liabilities - noncurrent	Other long-term liabilities	1,519		7,764
Total lease liabilities		$	5,177,462	$	5,517,788

The components of lease expense are as follows:


		Year Ended December 31,		Year Ended December 31,
	Classification	2024		2023

Operating lease expense	Selling, general and administrative	$	912,671	$	914,533
Finance lease expense:
Amortization of finance lease assets	Selling, general and administrative	5,568		5,779
Interest on finance lease liabilities	Interest (expense) income, net	1,180		1,801
Total lease expense		$	919,419	$	922,113


	Operating Lease		Finance Lease
Maturities of lease liabilities are as follows:	December 31, 2024		December 31, 2024
2025	$	953,976	$	7,344
2026	981,717		1,742
2027	987,955		—
2028	937,727		—
2029	925,564		—
Thereafter	1,935,262		—
Total lease payments	6,722,201		9,086
Less: interest	(1,553,227)		(598)
Total lease liabilities	$	5,168,974	$	8,488

Lease term and discount rate:


	December 31, 2024	December 31, 2023
Weighted-average remaining lease terms (in years):
Operating lease	6.7	7.8
Finance lease	1.3	2.5

Weighted-average discount rate:
Operating lease	7.8%	7.8%
Finance lease	7.8%	7.8%

Other Information:


	Years Ended December 31,		Years Ended December 31,
	2024		2023
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities:
Operating cash flows from operating leases	$	357,118	$	476,208
Operating cash flows from finance leases related to interest expense	$	1,180	$	1,801
Financing cash flows from finance leases	$	10,074	$	8,140

Leased assets obtained in exchange for new finance lease liabilities	$	6,890	$	13,154
Leased assets obtained in exchange for new operating lease liabilities	$	—	$	—

Sublease

Sublease income are as follows:


		Year Ended December 31,		Year Ended December 31,
	Classification	2024		2023
Sublease income	Other, net	$	381,894	$	466,888

Lessor

Lease income are as follows:


		Year Ended December 31,		Year Ended December 31,
	Classification	2024		2023
Lease income	Products	$	36,201	$	24,027
Interest income	Products	18,584		13,987
Total lease income		$	54,785	$	38,014

Net Loss Per Share Attributable to Common Stockholders (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Earnings Per Share [Abstract]

Schedule of earnings per share

The following table sets forth the calculation of basic and diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders:


	Years Ended December 31,
		2024		2023
Net loss attributable to Nuvve Holding Corp. common stockholders		$	(17,397,603)	$	(32,215,790)
Weighted-average shares used to compute net loss per share attributable to Nuvve common stockholders, basic and diluted		646,329		79,827
Net loss per share attributable to Nuvve common stockholders, basic and diluted		$	(26.92)	$	(403.57)

Schedule of antidilutive securities excluded from the computation of earnings per share

The following outstanding shares of common stock equivalents were excluded from the calculation of the diluted net loss per share attributable to Nuvve common stockholders because their effect would have been anti-dilutive:


	Years Ended December 31,
		2024	2023
Stock options issued and outstanding		1,916	6,906
Nonvested restricted stock issued and outstanding		4,743	1,117
Public warrants		7,188	7,188
Private warrants		341	341
PIPE warrants		3,384	3,384
Stonepeak and Evolve warrants		—	15,000
Stonepeak and Evolve options		—	12,500
Institutional/Accredited Investor Pre-Funded Warrants		—	11,267
Institutional/Accredited Investor Warrants		10,000	10,000
Underwriter Warrant - February 2024 offering		25,500	—
2024 February Institutional/Accredited Investor Warrants - series A		480,000	—
2024 February Institutional/Accredited Investor Warrants - series C		30,000	—
2024 October Institutional/Accredited Investor Warrants		1,102,295	—
2024 December Institutional/Accredited Investor Warrants		85,287	—

Total		1,750,654	67,703

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE LOSS - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE LOSS - USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Statement of Comprehensive Income [Abstract]
Net loss	$ (17,426,412)	$ (31,296,787)
Other comprehensive (loss) income, net of taxes
Foreign currency translation adjustments, net of taxes	(47,182)	17,494
Total comprehensive loss	(17,473,594)	(31,279,293)
Less: Comprehensive loss attributable to non-controlling interests, net taxes	(28,809)	(12,456)
Comprehensive loss attributable to Nuvve Holding Corp.	(17,444,785)	(31,266,837)
Less: Preferred dividends on redeemable non-controlling interests	0	(285,595)
Less: Accretion on redeemable non-controlling interests preferred shares	0	(645,864)
Comprehensive loss attributable to Nuvve Holding Corp. common stockholders	$ (17,444,785)	$ (30,335,378)

Account Receivables, Net

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Receivables [Abstract]

Account Receivables, Net

The following tables summarizes the Company's account receivables:


		As of December 31,
		2024		2023
Trade receivables		$	2,463,821	$	2,107,497

Less: allowance for credit losses		(315,623)		(382,598)

	Accounts receivable, net	$	2,148,198	$	1,724,899

Allowance for credit losses:

	Balance December 31, 2022	$	(58,834)
	Provision	(323,764)
	Write-off	—
	Recoveries	—
	Balance December 31, 2023	$	(382,598)
	Provision	(41,082)
	Write-off	—
	Recoveries	108,057
	Balance December 31, 2024	$	(315,623)

Commitments and Contingencies - Narrative (Details)			1 Months Ended	2 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
Commitments and Contingencies - Narrative (Details)	Feb. 02, 2024 USD ($)	Nov. 01, 2023 USD ($) bus	Nov. 30, 2017 USD ($)	Nov. 30, 2021 USD ($) bus	Dec. 31, 2024 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2023 USD ($)	Jul. 20, 2021 USD ($)	Sep. 01, 2016 USD ($)
Other Commitments [Line Items]
Installment amount					$ 124,000	$ 266,667		$ 400,000
Property expire					20 years
Royalty expense, aggregate amount under agreement					$ 700,000
Royalty expense					0	$ 0
Acquisition costs, amortization period			15 years
Investment					270,000
Purchase obligation							$ 13,200,000
Loss contingency, accrual current	$ 460,000
Loss Contingency, Accrual Payment Period	15 days
Loss Contingency, accrual noncurrent	$ 2,400,000
Loss contingency, accrual payments percentage	50.00%
Loss contingency minimum payment upon shipment, period	12 months
Loss contingency remaining payment upon shipment, period	24 months
School Bus Storage Litigation
Other Commitments [Line Items]
Number of school buses purchased \| bus				5
Number of school buses in dispute \| bus				4
Storage fees in dispute				$ 450,000
Number of buses granted release by the court \| bus		4
Number of buses with MSO's \| bus		5
Injunction bond		$ 550,000
Required period for posting injunction bond		7 days
Related Party
Other Commitments [Line Items]
Related party debt outstanding					$ 217,713
IP Acquisition Agreement
Other Commitments [Line Items]
Asset acquisition, upfront payment			$ 500,000
Asset acquisition, equity consideration transferred			1,491,556
Asset acquisition, consideration transferred			1,991,556
Royalties payments			$ 7,500,000
Minimum access period			6 months

Leases - Schedule of operating lease liability maturity (Details)	Dec. 31, 2024 USD ($)
Operating Lease
2025	$ 953,976
2026	981,717
2027	987,955
2028	937,727
2029	925,564
Thereafter	1,935,262
Total lease payments	6,722,201
Less: interest	(1,553,227)
Total lease liabilities	5,168,974
Finance Lease
2025	7,344
2026	1,742
2027	0
2028	0
2029	0
Thereafter	0
Total lease payments	9,086
Less: interest	(598)
Total lease liabilities	$ 8,488

Derivative Liability - Non-Controlling Redeemable Preferred Stock (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosure [Abstract]

Schedule of derivative liabilities at fair value

The following table displays the fair value of derivatives by balance sheet line item:


	December 31, 2024		December 31, 2023
Other long term liabilities:
Derivative liability - non-controlling redeemable preferred shares	$	—	$	309,728

Non-Controlling Interest - Redeemable noncontrolling interest reconciliation (Details) - Redeemable non controlling interests - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Increase (Decrease) in Temporary Equity [Roll Forward]
Beginning balance	$ 4,193,629	$ 3,547,765
Preferred share accretion adjustment	322,932	645,864
Cancellation of non-controlling interests	(4,516,561)	0
Ending balance	$ 0	$ 4,193,629

Non-Controlling Interest - Condensed consolidated statements of operations (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Levo Mobility LLC
Noncontrolling Interest [Line Items]
Net loss attributable to non-controlling interests	$ (28,809)	$ (12,456)

Stockholders’ Equity - Narrative (Details)																			1 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
Stockholders’ Equity - Narrative (Details)	Sep. 16, 2024	Sep. 09, 2024	Feb. 02, 2024 USD ($)	Jan. 31, 2024 USD ($) $ / shares shares	Jan. 19, 2024	Jan. 05, 2024	Oct. 25, 2023 USD ($) $ / shares shares	Oct. 20, 2023 USD ($) $ / shares shares	Oct. 18, 2023 USD ($) $ / shares shares	Jun. 06, 2023 USD ($) $ / shares shares	Apr. 14, 2023 USD ($) $ / shares shares	Feb. 17, 2023 USD ($) $ / shares shares	Jan. 31, 2023 USD ($) shares	Jul. 27, 2022 USD ($) $ / shares shares	May 05, 2022 USD ($)	May 17, 2021 USD ($) $ / shares shares	Nov. 11, 2020 USD ($) $ / shares shares	Feb. 19, 2020 USD ($) $ / shares shares	Jul. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2024 USD ($) class_of_stock $ / shares shares	Dec. 31, 2023 USD ($) $ / shares shares	Feb. 21, 2025 shares	Feb. 20, 2025 shares	Oct. 15, 2024
Stockholders' Equity [Line Items]
Number of classes of stock \| class_of_stock																				2
Authorized capital stock (in Shares)																				101,000,000
Common stock, shares authorized (in Shares)																				100,000,000	100,000,000
Common stock par value (in Dollars per share) \| $ / shares																				$ 0.0001	$ 0.0001
Preferred stock, shares authorized																				1,000,000
Preferred stock par value (in Dollars per share) \| $ / shares																				$ 0.0001
Preferred stock, shares issued (in Shares)																				0
Preferred stock, shares outstanding (in Shares)																				0
Number of votes per common share																				1
Amount of purchase \| $														$ 14,000,000.0
Warrants outstanding, term																10 years
Per unit price (in Dollars per share) \| $ / shares														$ 1,400
Number of warrants exercisable (in shares)																				1,743,995
Agent fee percentage																			6.00%
Purchase price (in Dollars per share) \| $ / shares																$ 20,000
Proceeds from common stock offering, net of offering costs \| $																				$ 8,502,086	$ 884,586
Net proceeds from offering \| $														$ 13,100,000
Total recurring fair value measurements \| $																				$ 3,174,249	$ 314,349
Purchase agreement, authorized amount \| $																$ 250,000,000
Grant date fair value of securities purchase agreement \| $																$ 12,600,000
Stock conversion ratio	0.1	0.1			0.025
Minimum
Stockholders' Equity [Line Items]
Stock conversion ratio		0.1				0.025
Maximum
Stockholders' Equity [Line Items]
Stock conversion ratio		0.5				0.5
Unit Purchase Option
Stockholders' Equity [Line Items]
Shares issued (in Dollars per share) \| $ / shares																		$ 100
Exercisable units (in Shares)																		791
Options exercisable (in dollars per share) \| $ / shares																		$ 4,600
Aggregate exercise price \| $																		$ 3,636,875
Number of Shares Included in Unit																		1.10
Unit Purchase Option \| Minimum
Stockholders' Equity [Line Items]
Right to registration, period																		5 years
Unit Purchase Option \| Maximum
Stockholders' Equity [Line Items]
Right to registration, period																		7 years
Investor
Stockholders' Equity [Line Items]
Purchased shares (in Shares)																	35,625
Levo LLCA
Stockholders' Equity [Line Items]
Ownership (percent)																								100.00%
Stonepeak
Stockholders' Equity [Line Items]
Percent of warrants issued																90.00%
Evolve
Stockholders' Equity [Line Items]
Percent of warrants issued																10.00%
Newborn \| Investor
Stockholders' Equity [Line Items]
Purchase price (in Dollars per share) \| $ / shares																	$ 400.00
Newborn \| PIPE
Stockholders' Equity [Line Items]
Amount of purchase \| $																	$ 14,250,000
Underwriter Warrants
Stockholders' Equity [Line Items]
Gain (loss) on warrants issued \| $				$ 305,065
Stonepeak/Evolve Warrants - series B
Stockholders' Equity [Line Items]
Exercise price (in dollars per share) \| $ / shares																$ 4,000
Number of securities called by warrants (in shares)																5,000
Total recurring fair value measurements \| $																$ 12,800,000
Stonepeak/Evolve Warrants - series C
Stockholders' Equity [Line Items]
Exercise price (in dollars per share) \| $ / shares																$ 6,000
Number of securities called by warrants (in shares)																2,500
Total recurring fair value measurements \| $																$ 5,600,000
Percent of warrants vested upon issuance																50.00%
Percent of warrants vested upon additional capital expenditures																50.00%
Additional capital expenditure to trigger exercise of nonvested warrants \| $																$ 125,000,000
Stonepeak/Evolve Warrants - series D
Stockholders' Equity [Line Items]
Exercise price (in dollars per share) \| $ / shares																$ 8,000
Number of securities called by warrants (in shares)																2,500
Total recurring fair value measurements \| $																$ 4,800,000
Percent of warrants vested upon issuance																50.00%
Percent of warrants vested upon additional capital expenditures																50.00%
Additional capital expenditure to trigger exercise of nonvested warrants \| $																$ 250,000,000
Stonepeak/Evolve Warrants - series E
Stockholders' Equity [Line Items]
Exercise price (in dollars per share) \| $ / shares																$ 12,000
Number of securities called by warrants (in shares)																2,500
Total recurring fair value measurements \| $																$ 3,800,000
Percent of warrants vested upon issuance																50.00%
Percent of warrants vested upon additional capital expenditures																50.00%
Additional capital expenditure to trigger exercise of nonvested warrants \| $																$ 375,000,000
Stonepeak/Evolve Warrants - series F
Stockholders' Equity [Line Items]
Exercise price (in dollars per share) \| $ / shares																$ 16,000
Number of securities called by warrants (in shares)																2,500
Option vesting period																180 days
Total recurring fair value measurements \| $																$ 3,200,000
Percent of warrants vested upon issuance																50.00%
Percent of warrants vested upon additional capital expenditures																50.00%
Additional capital expenditure to trigger exercise of nonvested warrants \| $																$ 500,000,000
Warrants
Stockholders' Equity [Line Items]
Purchased shares (in Shares)																		14,375
Exercise price (in dollars per share) \| $ / shares																				$ 4,600
Per unit price (in Dollars per share) \| $ / shares														$ 1,399.96						6,600
Redemption price (in Dollars per share) \| $ / shares																				$ 4.00
Redemption period																				30 days
Threshold consecutive trading days																				20 days
Threshold trading days																				30 days
PIPE warrants
Stockholders' Equity [Line Items]
Purchased shares (in Shares)																	1.9
Purchase price (in Dollars per share) \| $ / shares																	$ 4,600
Percent of one share of common stock																		50.00%
Common Stock
Stockholders' Equity [Line Items]
Common stock reverse split (in shares)																				192,222
Common stock par value (in Dollars per share) \| $ / shares														$ 0.040
Purchased shares (in Shares)														5,375
Number of securities called by warrants (in shares)														10,000
Common Stock \| Prefunded Warrant
Stockholders' Equity [Line Items]
Class of warrant or right, number of securities called by each warrant (in Shares)														1
Number of securities called by warrants (in shares)														4,625
Option vesting period														6 months
Warrants exercisable term														5 years
Common Stock \| Warrants
Stockholders' Equity [Line Items]
Exercise price (in dollars per share) \| $ / shares														$ 1,500
Stonepeak and Evolve warrants \| Securities Purchase Agreement
Stockholders' Equity [Line Items]
Percent of warrants issued																90.00%
Evolve Warrants \| Securities Purchase Agreement
Stockholders' Equity [Line Items]
Percent of warrants issued																10.00%
Underwriting Agreement
Stockholders' Equity [Line Items]
Amount of purchase \| $			$ 9,600,000
Per unit price (in Dollars per share) \| $ / shares				$ 20.00
Offering price adjustment (in Dollars per share) \| $ / shares				19.9990
Underwriting Agreement \| Underwriter Warrants
Stockholders' Equity [Line Items]
Exercise price (in dollars per share) \| $ / shares				$ 20.00
Warrants outstanding, term				5 years
Number of securities called by warrants (in shares)				48,000
Number of warrants exercisable (in shares)				24,000
Underwriting Agreement \| Common Stock
Stockholders' Equity [Line Items]
Underwriter agent fee percentage			7.00%
Purchased shares (in Shares)				303,500
Underwriting Agreement \| Warrants \| Pre-Funded Warrants
Stockholders' Equity [Line Items]
Purchased shares (in Shares)				176,500
Exercise price (in dollars per share) \| $ / shares				$ 0.0001
Underwriting Agreement \| Warrants \| Series A Warrants
Stockholders' Equity [Line Items]
Purchased shares (in Shares)				480,000
Exercise price (in dollars per share) \| $ / shares				$ 20.00
Warrants outstanding, term				5 years
Class of warrant or right, number of securities called by each warrant (in Shares)				1
Underwriting Agreement \| Warrants \| Series B Warrants
Stockholders' Equity [Line Items]
Purchased shares (in Shares)				480,000
Exercise price (in dollars per share) \| $ / shares				$ 20.00
Warrants outstanding, term				9 months
Class of warrant or right, number of securities called by each warrant (in Shares)				1
Underwriting Agreement \| Warrants \| Series C Warrants
Stockholders' Equity [Line Items]
Purchased shares (in Shares)				480,000
Exercise price (in dollars per share) \| $ / shares				$ 20.00
Warrants outstanding, term				5 years
Class of warrant or right, number of securities called by each warrant (in Shares)				1
Shelf Registration
Stockholders' Equity [Line Items]
Amount of purchase \| $															$ 100,000,000.0
At The Market Offering
Stockholders' Equity [Line Items]
Amount of purchase \| $													$ 25,000,000
Purchased shares (in Shares)													3,780
Agent fee percentage													3.00%
Placement agent fee, reimbursement amount \| $													$ 50,000
Purchase price (in Dollars per share) \| $ / shares																				$ 256.00
Proceeds from common stock offering, net of offering costs \| $									$ 1,000,000.0											$ 900,000
At The Market Offering \| Common Stock
Stockholders' Equity [Line Items]
Underwriter agent fee percentage								7.00%	7.00%
Purchased shares (in Shares)									17,857
Per unit price (in Dollars per share) \| $ / shares									$ 56.00
Registered Direct Offering
Stockholders' Equity [Line Items]
Per unit price (in Dollars per share) \| $ / shares										$ 160.00	$ 220.00	$ 368.00
Agent fee percentage										6.00%	6.00%	6.00%
Proceeds from common stock offering, net of offering costs \| $										$ 1,000,000.0	$ 1,000,000.0	$ 500,000
Registered Direct Offering \| Common Stock
Stockholders' Equity [Line Items]
Purchased shares (in Shares)										6,231	4,545	1,359
Over-Allotment Option
Stockholders' Equity [Line Items]
Purchased shares (in Shares)									267,857
Per unit price (in Dollars per share) \| $ / shares								$ 56.00
Proceeds from common stock offering, net of offering costs \| $								$ 100,000
Over-Allotment Option \| Common Stock
Stockholders' Equity [Line Items]
Purchased shares (in Shares)								1,993
Pre-Funded Warrants \| Common Stock
Stockholders' Equity [Line Items]
Purchased shares (in Shares)							34,432
Exercise price (in dollars per share) \| $ / shares							$ 0.0001
Per unit price (in Dollars per share) \| $ / shares							$ 60.00
Proceeds from common stock offering, net of offering costs \| $							$ 2,100,000
IPO \| Newborn
Stockholders' Equity [Line Items]
Class of warrant or right, number of securities called by each warrant (in Shares)																		1
Number of warrants per unit (in Shares)																		1
Private Placement \| Newborn
Stockholders' Equity [Line Items]
Number of warrants per unit (in Shares)																		1
Private Placement \| Warrants
Stockholders' Equity [Line Items]
Aggregate share purchase (in shares)																		681
Subsequent Event
Stockholders' Equity [Line Items]
Common stock, shares authorized (in Shares)																						200,000,000	100,000,000

Reportable Segment and Significant Segment Expenses

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Segment Reporting [Abstract]

Reportable Segment and Significant Segment Expenses

The Company operates in a single business segment, which is the EV V2G Charging segment.

Significant Segment Expenses:

The Company operates in a single business segment, which is the consolidated entity. The Company's chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) is its Chief Executive Officer. The CODM uses revenue and operating expenses of the consolidated entity predominantly in the annual budget and forecasting process. The CODM considers consolidated budget-to-actual variances on an annual basis when making decisions about the allocation of operating and capital resources. Below are the significant consolidated segment expenses that the Company regularly provides to the CODM.

The following table summarizes the Company’s significant selling, general, and administrative expenses, and research and development expenses that are regularly provided to the CODM:


	Years Ended December 31,
	2024		2023





Revenue	$	5,286,229	$	8,332,162
(Add)/deduct:
Cost of sales	3,534,557		6981344
Selling, general, and administrative expense:
Employee compensation and benefits	9,131,879		12,776,234

Consultants	15,668		130,751
Marketing	543,162		772,433
Rent	1,000,084		1,049,801

Professional fees	955,263		2,538,712
Legal	791,006		1,539,900
Insurance (excluding health & D&O)	200,239		208,490
IT Expense	1,482,641		678,037
Travel	217,070		451,898
Office Meal and Employee Reimbursement	78,233		152,614

Dues & Subscriptions	350,648		419,444
Repairs and Maintenance	(10,581)		22,163
Office Supplies	5,517		29,682
Telephone	8,945		7,729
Utilities.	44,864		42,647
Depreciation & Amortization	337,971		388,561
Bank charges	27,462		27,932
Public Co Fees	2,614,414		3,076,063
Other	(123,375)		381,604
Total selling, general, and administrative expense	17,671,110		24,694,693
Research and development expense:









Employee compensation and benefits	1,836,371		3,135,999

Consultants	1,629,718		3,527,315
Marketing	—		127

License fees	764,097		988,308

Legal	128,473		330,868

IT Expense	52,963		591,211
Travel	47,948		99,469
Office Meal and Employee Reimbursement	14,004		25,102


Repairs and Maintenance	61,558		56,588




Bank charges	5,642		6,280

Other	218		133
Total research and development expense	4,540,993		8,761,400

Total other income, net	3,035,619		810,088
Income tax expense	1,600		1,600

Net loss	$	(17,426,412)	$	(31,296,787)

The following table summarizes the Company’s intangible assets and property, plant and equipment in different geographic locations:


	December 31, 2024		December 31, 2023

United States	$	1,508,977	$	1,741,009
United Kingdom	1,425		2,894
Denmark	$	166,322	$	224,564
	$	1,676,724	$	1,968,467

- Definition

The entire disclosure for reporting segments including data and tables. Reportable segments include those that meet any of the following quantitative thresholds a) it's reported revenue, including sales to external customers and intersegment sales or transfers is 10 percent or more of the combined revenue, internal and external, of all operating segments b) the absolute amount of its reported profit or loss is 10 percent or more of the greater, in absolute amount of 1) the combined reported profit of all operating segments that did not report a loss or 2) the combined reported loss of all operating segments that did report a loss c) its assets are 10 percent or more of the combined assets of all operating segments.

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+ Details

Revenue Recognition - Summary of Revenues by Geography (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Revenues from External Customers and Long-Lived Assets [Line Items]
Revenues	$ 5,286,229	$ 8,332,162
United States
Revenues from External Customers and Long-Lived Assets [Line Items]
Revenues	4,979,722	7,858,583
United Kingdom
Revenues from External Customers and Long-Lived Assets [Line Items]
Revenues	0	33,047
Denmark
Revenues from External Customers and Long-Lived Assets [Line Items]
Revenues	$ 306,507	$ 440,532

- Definition

Amount of revenue recognized from goods sold, services rendered, insurance premiums, or other activities that constitute an earning process. Includes, but is not limited to, investment and interest income before deduction of interest expense when recognized as a component of revenue, and sales and trading gain (loss).

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+ Details

Income Taxes - Income (Loss) before Income Taxes (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]
United States	$ (16,425,567)	$ (29,832,486)
Foreign	(999,245)	(1,462,701)
Loss before taxes	$ (17,424,812)	$ (31,295,187)

Debt - Schedule of term loan (Details)	Dec. 31, 2024 USD ($)
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Carrying Value	$ 900,000
August 2024 Term Loan \| Subordinated Debt
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Principal Amount Borrowed	1,000,000
Carrying Value	$ 483,812
Weighted Weekly Average Interest Rate	0.0296
Weighted Annual Average Interest Rate	1.5390
November 2024 Term Loan \| Subordinated Debt
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Principal Amount Borrowed	$ 1,000,000
Carrying Value	$ 961,533
Weighted Weekly Average Interest Rate	0.0296
Weighted Annual Average Interest Rate	1.5390

- Definition

Line items represent financial concepts included in a table. These concepts are used to disclose reportable information associated with domain members defined in one or many axes to the table.

+ References

Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/exampleRef
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+ Details

Commitments and Contingencies (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]

Schedule of milestone event

Under the terms of the agreement, the Company will pay up to an aggregate $7,500,000 in royalties to the Seller upon achievement of milestones, related to the aggregate number of vehicles that have had access to the Company’s GIVe platform system for a period of at least 6 consecutive months, and for which the Company has received monetary consideration for such access pursuant to a subscription or other similar agreement with the vehicle’s owner as follows:


Milestone Event: Aggregated Vehicles	Milestone Payment Amount
10,000	$	500,000
20,000	750,000
40,000	750,000
60,000	750,000
80,000	750,000
100,000	1,000,000
200,000	1,000,000
250,000	2,000,000
	$	7,500,000

Net Loss Per Share Attributable to Common Stockholders - Schedule of Net Loss Per Share Attributable to Common Stockholders (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Earnings Per Share [Abstract]
Net loss attributable to Nuvve Holding Corp. common stockholders, basic	$ (17,397,603)	$ (32,215,790)
Net loss attributable to Nuvve Holding Corp. common stockholders, diluted	$ (17,397,603)	$ (32,215,790)
Weighted-average shares used in computing net loss per share attributable to Nuvve Holding Corp. common stockholders, basic (in Shares)	646,329	79,827
Weighted-average shares used in computing net loss per share attributable to Nuvve Holding Corp. common stockholders, diluted (in Shares)	646,329	79,827
Net loss per share attributable to Nuvve Holding Corp. common stockholders, basic (in Dollars per share)	$ (26.92)	$ (403.57)
Net loss per share attributable to Nuvve Holding Corp. common stockholders, diluted (in Dollars per share)	$ (26.92)	$ (403.57)

- Definition

The amount of net income (loss) for the period per each share of common stock or unit outstanding during the reporting period.

+ References

+ Details

- Definition

The amount of net income (loss) for the period available to each share of common stock or common unit outstanding during the reporting period and to each share or unit that would have been outstanding assuming the issuance of common shares or units for all dilutive potential common shares or units outstanding during the reporting period.

+ References

+ Details

- Definition

Amount, after deduction of tax, noncontrolling interests, dividends on preferred stock and participating securities; of income (loss) available to common shareholders.

+ References

Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
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-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482689/260-10-45-60B

+ Details

- Definition

Amount, after deduction of tax, noncontrolling interests, dividends on preferred stock and participating securities, and addition from assumption of issuance of common shares for dilutive potential common shares; of income (loss) available to common shareholders.

+ References + Details

Stockholders’ Equity (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Stockholders' Equity Note [Abstract]

Schedule of common stock issuable upon exercise of warrants outstanding

The following table is a summary of the number of shares of the Company’s Common Stock issuable upon exercise of warrants outstanding at December 31, 2024:


	Number of Warrants	Number of Warrants Exercised	Number of Warrants Canceled	Number of Warrants Exercisable	Exercise Price	Expiration Date
Public Warrants	7,188	—	—	7,188	$4,600.00	March 19, 2026
Private Warrants - February 2020	341	—	—	341	$4,600.00	March 19, 2026
PIPE Warrants	3,384	—	—	3,384	$4,600.00	March 19, 2026
Private Pre-Funded Warrants - July 2024	60,000	60,000	—	—	$0.0010	Until Exercised in Full
Stonepeak/Evolve Warrants - series B	5,000	—	5,000	—	$4,000.00	May 17, 2031
Stonepeak/Evolve Warrants - series C	2,500	—	2,500	—	$6,000.00	May 17, 2031
Stonepeak/Evolve Warrants - series D	2,500	—	2,500	—	$8,000.00	May 17, 2031
Stonepeak/Evolve Warrants - series E	2,500	—	2,500	—	$12,000.00	May 17, 2031
Stonepeak/Evolve Warrants - series F	2,500	—	2,500	—	$16,000.00	May 17, 2031

2022 July Institutional/Accredited Investor Warrants	10,000	—	—	10,000	$1,500.00	January 29, 2028
Underwriter Warrants - February 2024 offering	48,000	—	22,500	25,500	$20.00	February 2, 2029
2024 February Institutional/Accredited Investor Pre-Funded Warrants	57,500	57,500	—	—	$0.0010	February 2, 2029
2024 February Institutional/Accredited Investor Warrants - series A	480,000	—	—	480,000	$20.00	February 2, 2029
2024 February Institutional/Accredited Investor Warrants - series B	480,000	30,000	450,000	—	$20.00	November 2, 2024
2024 February Institutional/Accredited Investor Warrants - series C	480,000	—	450,000	30,000	$20.00	February 2, 2029
2024 October Institutional/Accredited Investor Warrants	1,102,295	—	—	1,102,295	$3.78	October 31, 2029
2024 December Institutional/Accredited Investor Warrants	85,287	—	—	85,287	$3.26	December 31, 2029
	2,828,995	147,500	937,500	1,743,995

Schedule of share repurchase activity

The share repurchase activity pursuant to this authorization is as follows:


	As of December 31,
	2024		2023
Shares repurchased	1,680		—
Average purchase price per share	$	0.0001	$	—
Amount spent on repurchased shares	$	0.17	$	—
Aggregate Board of Directors repurchase authorizations during the period	$	1,680	$	—

Income Taxes (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]

Schedule of components of income (loss) before taxes


Income (loss) before taxes includes the following components:
	Years Ended December 31,
	2024		2023
United States	$	(16,425,567)	$	(29,832,486)
Foreign	(999,245)		(1,462,701)
Total income (loss) before income taxes	(17,424,812)		(31,295,187)

Schedule of income tax expense

Income tax expense is summarized as follows:


	Years Ended December 31,
	2024		2023
Federal	$	—	$	—
State	1,600		1,600
Current income tax expense	1,600		1,600

Federal	—		—
State	—		—
Deferred income tax expense	$	—	$	—

Income tax expense	$	1,600	$	1,600

Schedule of reconciliation of the income tax expense

The reconciliation between the income tax expense and the amount computed by applying the statutory federal tax rate of 21% to loss before taxes is as follows:


	Years Ended December 31,
	2024		2023
Federal income tax benefit at statutory federal tax rate	$	(3,659,211)	$	(6,571,989)
State income tax, net of federal benefit	(792,182)		(1,867,043)


Noncontrolling interest	—		2,616
Stock compensation	516,159		(781,075)
Change in fair value of warrants	(714,690)		(45,415)

Change in valuation allowance	4,335,676		9,298,929
Finance costs	—		(41,391)
Other	315,848		6,968
Income tax expense	$	1,600	$	1,600

Schedule of deferred tax assets and liabilities

Significant components of the Company’s deferred tax assets (liabilities) are as follows:


	Years Ended December 31,
	2024		2023
Equity investment	$	(386,544)	$	(467,463)
Accrued liabilities and other	3,043,132		3,300,936
Right-of-use assets	(1,158,556)		(1,261,194)
Lease liabilities	1,332,754		1,434,002
Research and experimental expenditures	2,678,310		2,689,390
Net operating losses	26,176,691		21,654,440
Net deferred tax assets (liabilities) before valuation allowance	31,685,787		27,350,111
Valuation allowance	(31,685,787)		(27,350,111)
Net deferred tax assets (liabilities)	$	—	$	—

Net Loss Per Share Attributable to Common Stockholders

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Earnings Per Share [Abstract]

Net Loss Per Share Attributable to Common Stockholders

The following table sets forth the calculation of basic and diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders:


	Years Ended December 31,
		2024		2023
Net loss attributable to Nuvve Holding Corp. common stockholders		$	(17,397,603)	$	(32,215,790)
Weighted-average shares used to compute net loss per share attributable to Nuvve common stockholders, basic and diluted		646,329		79,827
Net loss per share attributable to Nuvve common stockholders, basic and diluted		$	(26.92)	$	(403.57)


	Years Ended December 31,
		2024	2023
Stock options issued and outstanding		1,916	6,906
Nonvested restricted stock issued and outstanding		4,743	1,117
Public warrants		7,188	7,188
Private warrants		341	341
PIPE warrants		3,384	3,384
Stonepeak and Evolve warrants		—	15,000
Stonepeak and Evolve options		—	12,500
Institutional/Accredited Investor Pre-Funded Warrants		—	11,267
Institutional/Accredited Investor Warrants		10,000	10,000
Underwriter Warrant - February 2024 offering		25,500	—
2024 February Institutional/Accredited Investor Warrants - series A		480,000	—
2024 February Institutional/Accredited Investor Warrants - series C		30,000	—
2024 October Institutional/Accredited Investor Warrants		1,102,295	—
2024 December Institutional/Accredited Investor Warrants		85,287	—

Total		1,750,654	67,703

Property, Plant, and Equipment (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
Property, Plant, and Equipment (Details) - USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Total	$ 1,225,421	$ 1,185,057
Less: Accumulated Depreciation	(611,463)	(418,793)
Property and equipment, net	$ 613,958	766,264
Useful Lives	20 years
Depreciation expense	$ 198,534	249,123
Computers & servers
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Total	$ 171,977	154,337
Computers & servers \| Minimum
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Useful Lives	1 year
Computers & servers \| Maximum
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Useful Lives	3 years
Vehicles
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Total	$ 65,414	65,577
Vehicles \| Minimum
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Useful Lives	5 years
Vehicles \| Maximum
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Useful Lives	7 years
Office furniture and equipment
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Total	$ 366,323	366,323
Office furniture and equipment \| Minimum
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Useful Lives	3 years
Office furniture and equipment \| Maximum
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Useful Lives	5 years
DC Chargers
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Total	$ 621,707	$ 598,820
DC Chargers \| Minimum
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Useful Lives	5 years
DC Chargers \| Maximum
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Useful Lives	7 years

Commitments and Contingencies

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]

Commitments and Contingencies

(a) Legal Matters

The Company is subject to various claims and legal proceedings covering matters that arise in the ordinary course of its business activities, including product liability claims. Management believes that any liability that may ultimately result from the resolution of these matters will not have a material adverse effect on the financial condition or results of operations of the Company. Please see Note 17(e) and (f) below for details regarding legal proceedings pending with Company suppliers.

(b) Research Agreement

Effective September 1, 2016, the Company is party to a research agreement with a third party, which is also a Company stockholder, whereby the third party will perform research activity as specified annually by the Company. Under the terms of the agreement, the Company paid a minimum of $400,000 annually in equal quarterly installments. For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, $124,000 and $266,667, respectively, were paid under the research agreement. At December 31, 2024, we have $217,713 remaining to be paid under the agreement.

The Company is a party to a licensing agreement for non-exclusive rights to intellectual property which will expire at the later of the date at which the last patent underlying the intellectual property expires or 20 years from the sale of the first licensed product. Under the terms of the agreement, the Company will pay up to an aggregate of $700,000 in royalties upon achievement of certain milestones. As of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, no royalty expenses had been incurred under this agreement.

The licensing agreement was replaced in November 2017, the Company executed an agreement ("IP Acquisition Agreement") with the University of Delaware (Seller) whereby all right, title, and interest in the licensed intellectual property was assigned to the Company in exchange for an upfront fee of $500,000 and the Company's common shares valued at $1,491,556. The total acquisition cost of $1,991,556 was capitalized and is being amortized over the fifteen years expected life of the patents underlying the intellectual property. Under the terms of the agreement, the Company will pay up to an aggregate $7,500,000 in royalties to the Seller upon achievement of milestones, related to the aggregate number of vehicles that have had access to the Company’s GIVe platform system for a period of at least 6 consecutive months, and for which the Company has received monetary consideration for such access pursuant to a subscription or other similar agreement with the vehicle’s owner as follows:


Milestone Event: Aggregated Vehicles	Milestone Payment Amount
10,000	$	500,000
20,000	750,000
40,000	750,000
60,000	750,000
80,000	750,000
100,000	1,000,000
200,000	1,000,000
250,000	2,000,000
	$	7,500,000

The Seller will retain a non-exclusive, royalty-free license, to utilize the intellectual property solely for research and education purposes. As of December 31, 2024, no royalty expenses had been incurred under this agreement.

(d) Investment

The Company is committed to possible future additional contributions to the Investment in Dreev (Note 6) in the amount of $270,000.

(e)Purchase Commitments

On July 20, 2021, Nuvve issued a purchase order (“PO”) to its supplier, Rhombus Energy Solutions, Inc. (“Rhombus”), for a quantity of DC Chargers and dispensers for EVs (“DC Chargers”), for a total price of $13.2 million. A dispute (the "Dispute")

arose as to the PO, and an arbitration proceeding was initiated.

On February 2, 2024 (the “Settlement Date”), the Company and Rhombus entered into a settlement and release agreement (the “Settlement Agreement”) pursuant to which, among other things, the Company agreed to pay Rhombus approximately $0.46 million for certain initial DC Chargers within 15 days from the Settlement Date. The Company further agreed to pay Rhombus an aggregate of $2.40 million for certain DC Chargers upon shipment with payments correlating to the amounts shipped due prior to shipment, a minimum of 50% of which shall be paid within 12 months after the Settlement date, with the remaining balance, if any, to be paid within 24 months after the Settlement Date. The Settlement Agreement further provides for the dismissal of the legal action as to the Company and Rhombus. The Company and Rhombus agreed to release one another from any and all claims relating to the Dispute.

On February 21, 2025, the Company initiated a legal action against Rhombus related to its refusal to honor certain warranty and commissioning obligations with respect to DC Chargers the Company purchased from Rhombus. Rhombus has in turn filed a demand for an arbitration claiming that the Company breached terms of the previous settlement agreement between the Company and Rhombus by failing to purchase additional DC Chargers. The Company believes it has no obligation to purchase additional non-conforming DC Chargers. Therefore, the Company believes that Rhombus’s position does not have any merit, and it intends to exercise all available rights and remedies in its legal action against Rhombus. The outcome of any such proceedings are inherently uncertain, and the amount and/or timing of any gains or expenses resulting from such proceedings is not reasonably estimable at this time.

(f) School Bus Storage Litigation

In October and November 2021, the Company purchased an aggregate of five school buses from a certain school bus dealership in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Thereafter, the Company entered into agreements to sell these buses to a third-party purchasers. However, the dealership refused to release four of the buses and to provide the Company with a manufacturer statement of origin (an “MSO”) for all five buses, claiming that the Company owed them approximately $0.45 million in storage fees allegedly incurred since January 2022. The Company disputed that it had an obligation to pay the storage fees as well as the amount of fees demanded by the dealership, and filed a petition for preliminary injunction with the Court of Common Pleas of Allegheny County, Pennsylvania.

On November 1, 2023, the court granted the Company's petition for preliminary injunction requiring the dealership to release and provide keys for the four buses and to provide the MSOs for all five buses, contingent on the Company posting an injunction bond in the amount of $0.55 million within seven days of the order. The Company timely posted the injunction bond on November 7, 2023. The storage fee dispute with the dealership was adjudicated as of December 31, 2024.

Commitments and Contingencies - Schedule of milestone event (Details)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024 USD ($)
Other Commitments [Line Items]
Milestone payment amount	$ 7,500,000
10000
Other Commitments [Line Items]
Milestone payment amount	500,000
20000
Other Commitments [Line Items]
Milestone payment amount	750,000
40000
Other Commitments [Line Items]
Milestone payment amount	750,000
60000
Other Commitments [Line Items]
Milestone payment amount	750,000
80000
Other Commitments [Line Items]
Milestone payment amount	750,000
100000
Other Commitments [Line Items]
Milestone payment amount	1,000,000
200000
Other Commitments [Line Items]
Milestone payment amount	1,000,000
250000
Other Commitments [Line Items]
Milestone payment amount	$ 2,000,000

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Narrative (Details)		12 Months Ended
	Oct. 15, 2024	Dec. 31, 2024 USD ($) performanceObligation	Dec. 31, 2023 USD ($)
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Accumulated deficit		$ 165,599,076	$ 148,240,859
Operating loss		20,460,431	32,105,275
Net cash used in operating activities		15,734,334	21,254,328
Carrying Value		900,000
Restricted cash		$ 320,000	$ 480,000
Number of performance obligations \| performanceObligation		1
Extended warranty contract, option 1		3 years
Extended warranty contract, option 2		5 years
Extended warranty contract, option 3		10 years
Extended warranty contract, option 4		12 years
Operating lease, term of contract		10 years
Minimum
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Service contract, term		1 year
Maximum
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Service contract, term		12 years
Levo Mobility LLC
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Ownership (percent)	100.00%
Levo Mobility LLC \| Stonepeak
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Stonepeak and Evolve ownership (percent)		49.00%
Variable Interest Entity \| Deep Impact
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Variable interest entity, ownership percentage		51.00%
Variable Interest Entity \| Levo Mobility LLC
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Variable interest entity, ownership percentage		51.00%
Variable Interest Entity \| Levo Mobility LLC \| Stonepeak
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Variable interest entity, ownership percentage	49.00%	49.00%

Share-Based Compensation - Narrative (Details) - USD ($)	1 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2021
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Granted (in shares)		0
Share based option modified (in shares)				4,100
Increase decrease exercise price (in dollars per share)				$ 240.00
Incremental compensation cost				$ 246,000
Options
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Additional compensation expense		$ 169	$ 43,139
Restricted stock
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Total unrecognized compensation cost related to nonvested restricted stock		$ 0
2020 Plan
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Number of additional shares authorized (in shares)	10,000
Aggregate of common shares (in shares)		63,497
Option contractual life		10 years
Issuance of common stock available for future (in shares)		55,398
Granted (in shares)		0
2020 Plan \| Options
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Option vesting period		4 years
Expiration period after termination of service		90 days

Fair Value Measurements - Schedule of fair value on a recurring basis (Details)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024 USD ($)
Derivative liability - non-controlling redeemable preferred shares
Fair Value, Liabilities Measured on Recurring Basis, Unobservable Input Reconciliation, Calculation [Roll Forward]
Balance at period start	$ 309,728
Initial fair value	0
Cancelled - non-controlling redeemable preferred shares	(313,354)
Total (gains) losses for period included in earnings	3,626
Balance at period end	0
Private warrants
Fair Value, Liabilities Measured on Recurring Basis, Unobservable Input Reconciliation, Calculation [Roll Forward]
Balance at period start	0
Initial fair value	0
Cancelled - non-controlling redeemable preferred shares	0
Total (gains) losses for period included in earnings	0
Balance at period end	0
2022 July Institutional/Accredited Investor Warrants
Fair Value, Liabilities Measured on Recurring Basis, Unobservable Input Reconciliation, Calculation [Roll Forward]
Balance at period start	4,621
Initial fair value	0
Cancelled - non-controlling redeemable preferred shares	0
Total (gains) losses for period included in earnings	(4,621)
Balance at period end	0
2024 February Institutional/Accredited Investor Warrants
Fair Value, Liabilities Measured on Recurring Basis, Unobservable Input Reconciliation, Calculation [Roll Forward]
Balance at period start	0
Initial fair value	3,792,317
Cancelled - non-controlling redeemable preferred shares	0
Total (gains) losses for period included in earnings	(3,500,751)
Balance at period end	291,566
2024 October Institutional/Accredited Investor Warrants
Fair Value, Liabilities Measured on Recurring Basis, Unobservable Input Reconciliation, Calculation [Roll Forward]
Balance at period start	0
Initial fair value	435,511
Cancelled - non-controlling redeemable preferred shares	0
Total (gains) losses for period included in earnings	(143,277)
Balance at period end	292,234
Senior Convertible Notes - October 2024
Fair Value, Liabilities Measured on Recurring Basis, Unobservable Input Reconciliation, Calculation [Roll Forward]
Balance at period start	0
Initial fair value	2,919,818
Cancelled - non-controlling redeemable preferred shares	0
Total (gains) losses for period included in earnings	(444,656)
Balance at period end	2,475,162
Additional Investment Rights - October 2024
Fair Value, Liabilities Measured on Recurring Basis, Unobservable Input Reconciliation, Calculation [Roll Forward]
Balance at period start	0
Initial fair value	19,671
Cancelled - non-controlling redeemable preferred shares	0
Total (gains) losses for period included in earnings	(13,721)
Balance at period end	5,950
2024 December Institutional/Accredited Investor Warrants
Fair Value, Liabilities Measured on Recurring Basis, Unobservable Input Reconciliation, Calculation [Roll Forward]
Balance at period start	0
Initial fair value	109,337
Cancelled - non-controlling redeemable preferred shares	0
Total (gains) losses for period included in earnings
Balance at period end	$ 109,337

Income Taxes - Narrative (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
Income Taxes - Narrative (Details) - USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Operating Loss Carryforwards [Line Items]
Operating loss carryforward, subject to expiration	$ 3,070,000
Deferred tax assets, valuation allowance	31,685,787	$ 27,350,111
Valuation allowance increase	(4,335,676)
Domestic Tax Jurisdiction
Operating Loss Carryforwards [Line Items]
Operating loss carryforwards	95,157,000
State and Local Jurisdiction
Operating Loss Carryforwards [Line Items]
Operating loss carryforwards	$ 53,231,000

Debt (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Debt Disclosure [Abstract]

Schedule of Debt

The following is a summary of debt as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 :


	As of December 31,
	2024		2023
Term loan (1)	$	1,445,345	$	—
Promissory Notes - August 16, 2024	884,676		—
Promissory Notes - August 27, 2024 (2)	516,818		—
Senior Convertible Notes - October 2024 (3)	2,475,162		—
Senior Convertible Notes - December 2024	250,000		—
Total outstanding principal balance	5,572,001		—
Less: unamortized debt issuance costs and discounts	(84,170)		—
Total debt	5,487,831		—
Less: current portion of long-term debt	4,647,331		—
Long-term debt, net of current portion	$	840,500	$	—

__________________

(1) Principal balance and interest of $483,812 was fully repaid in March 2025.

(2) Principal balance and interest of $516,818 was fully repaid in January 2025.

(3) Amount represents the fair value of the convertible notes.

Schedule of Maturities of Debt Obligations

As of December 31, 2024, the total future maturities of the principal amounts of the debt obligations are as follows:


2025	$	4,647,331
2026	—
2027	840,500



	$	5,487,831

Schedule of Term Loan

The following is a summary description of the key terms of the Term Loan:


Debt	Debt Origination Date	Maturity	Principal Amount Borrowed		Carrying Value		Weighted Weekly Average Interest Rate		Weighted Annual Average Interest Rate
Term Loan	8/9/2024	3/6/2025	$	1,000,000	$	483,812	2.96	%	153.90	%
Term Loan	11/27/2024	6/27/2025	$	1,000,000	$	961,533	2.96	%	153.90	%

Organization and Description of Business (Details)							12 Months Ended
Organization and Description of Business (Details)	Oct. 15, 2024	Sep. 16, 2024	Sep. 09, 2024	Jan. 19, 2024	Jan. 05, 2024	Nov. 17, 2020	Dec. 31, 2024 subsidiary	Aug. 16, 2024 membership_unit $ / shares	May 17, 2021 $ / shares
Consolidation, Less than Wholly Owned Subsidiary, Parent Ownership Interest, Effects of Changes, Net [Line Items]
Company ownership, percent							100.00%
Stock conversion ratio		0.1	0.1	0.025
Purchase price (in Dollars per share)									$ 20,000
Levo Mobility LLC
Consolidation, Less than Wholly Owned Subsidiary, Parent Ownership Interest, Effects of Changes, Net [Line Items]
Ownership (percent)	100.00%
Variable Interest Entity \| Levo Mobility LLC
Consolidation, Less than Wholly Owned Subsidiary, Parent Ownership Interest, Effects of Changes, Net [Line Items]
Variable interest entity, ownership percentage							51.00%
Nuvve
Consolidation, Less than Wholly Owned Subsidiary, Parent Ownership Interest, Effects of Changes, Net [Line Items]
Number of wholly owned subsidiaries \| subsidiary							2
Nuvve \| Deep Impact
Consolidation, Less than Wholly Owned Subsidiary, Parent Ownership Interest, Effects of Changes, Net [Line Items]
Company's equity ownership, percent								51.00%
Purchase price (in Dollars per share)								$ 51
Equity investment, Membership units acquired \| membership_unit								51
Nuvve Corp.
Consolidation, Less than Wholly Owned Subsidiary, Parent Ownership Interest, Effects of Changes, Net [Line Items]
Number of wholly owned subsidiaries \| subsidiary							4
Stonepeak \| Variable Interest Entity \| Levo Mobility LLC
Consolidation, Less than Wholly Owned Subsidiary, Parent Ownership Interest, Effects of Changes, Net [Line Items]
Variable interest entity, ownership percentage	49.00%						49.00%
WISE EV LLC \| Deep Impact
Consolidation, Less than Wholly Owned Subsidiary, Parent Ownership Interest, Effects of Changes, Net [Line Items]
Company's equity ownership, percent								49.00%
Purchase price (in Dollars per share)								$ 49
Equity investment, Membership units acquired \| membership_unit								49
Newborn
Consolidation, Less than Wholly Owned Subsidiary, Parent Ownership Interest, Effects of Changes, Net [Line Items]
Stock conversion ratio						0.1
Newborn \| Private Placement
Consolidation, Less than Wholly Owned Subsidiary, Parent Ownership Interest, Effects of Changes, Net [Line Items]
Percent of one share of common stock							50.00%
Percent of common stock issued upon conversion of right							10.00%
Newborn \| IPO
Consolidation, Less than Wholly Owned Subsidiary, Parent Ownership Interest, Effects of Changes, Net [Line Items]
Percent of one share of common stock							50.00%
Percent of common stock issued upon conversion of right							10.00%
Maximum
Consolidation, Less than Wholly Owned Subsidiary, Parent Ownership Interest, Effects of Changes, Net [Line Items]
Stock conversion ratio			0.5		0.5
Minimum
Consolidation, Less than Wholly Owned Subsidiary, Parent Ownership Interest, Effects of Changes, Net [Line Items]
Stock conversion ratio			0.1		0.025

Debt - Schedule of debt (Details) - USD ($)		1 Months Ended
Debt - Schedule of debt (Details) - USD ($)	Mar. 06, 2024	Mar. 31, 2025	Jan. 31, 2025	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Carrying Value				$ 900,000
Total outstanding principal balance				5,572,001	$ 0
Less: unamortized debt issuance costs and discounts				(84,170)	0
Total debt				5,487,831	0
Less: current portion of long-term debt				4,647,331	0
Long-term debt, net of current portion				840,500	0
Term loan
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Carrying Value				1,445,345	0
Term loan \| Subsequent Event
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Repayment of debt		$ 483,812
Promissory Notes - August 16, 2024
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Promissory Notes				884,676	0
Promissory Notes - August 27, 2024
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Promissory Notes				516,818	0
Promissory Notes - August 27, 2024 \| Subsequent Event
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Repayment of debt			$ 516,818
Senior Convertible Notes - October 2024
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Promissory Notes				2,475,162	0
Senior Convertible Notes - December 2024
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Promissory Notes				250,000	$ 0
August 2024 Term Loan \| Subordinated Debt
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Carrying Value				483,812
Repayment of debt	$ 483,812
Face amount				$ 1,000,000

Derivative Liability - Non-Controlling Redeemable Preferred Stock

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosure [Abstract]

Derivative Liability - Non-Controlling Redeemable Preferred Stock

The Company had determined that the redemption features embedded in the non-controlling redeemable preferred stock of Levo is required to be accounted for separately from the redeemable preferred stock as a derivative liability. Separation of the redemption features as a derivative liability is required because its economic characteristics and risks of the redemption features are considered more akin to a debt instrument, and therefore, not considered to be clearly and closely related to the economic characteristics and risks of the redeemable preferred stock host instrument. The economic characteristics of the redemption features are considered more akin to debt instrument because the minimum redemption value could be greater than the face amount of the preferred stock, the redemption features are contingently exercisable, and the preferred stock carry a fixed mandatory dividend.

Accordingly, the Company had recorded an embedded derivative liability representing the estimated fair value of the right of the holders to exercise their redemption option upon the occurrence of a redemption event. The embedded derivative liability is adjusted to reflect fair value at each period end with changes in fair value recorded in the “Change in fair value of derivative liability” financial statement line item of the Company’s consolidated statements of operations. For additional information on the non-controlling redeemable preferred stock, see Note 19.

The following table displays the fair value of derivatives by balance sheet line item:


	December 31, 2024		December 31, 2023
Other long term liabilities:
Derivative liability - non-controlling redeemable preferred shares	$	—	$	309,728

The fair value balance of the level 3 derivative liability - non-controlling redeemable preferred shares was written-off as the preferred shares were cancelled as of December 31, 2024 as a result of the Company becoming the 100% owner of Levo (See Note 1).

Net Loss Per Share Attributable to Common Stockholders - Schedule of Diluted Net Loss Attributable to Nuvve common stockholders (Details) - shares	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Antidilutive securities excluded from the computation of earnings per share (in shares)	1,750,654	67,703
Stock options issued and outstanding
Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Antidilutive securities excluded from the computation of earnings per share (in shares)	1,916	6,906
Nonvested restricted stock issued and outstanding
Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Antidilutive securities excluded from the computation of earnings per share (in shares)	4,743	1,117
Public warrants
Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Antidilutive securities excluded from the computation of earnings per share (in shares)	7,188	7,188
Private warrants
Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Antidilutive securities excluded from the computation of earnings per share (in shares)	341	341
PIPE warrants
Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Antidilutive securities excluded from the computation of earnings per share (in shares)	3,384	3,384
Stonepeak and Evolve warrants
Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Antidilutive securities excluded from the computation of earnings per share (in shares)	0	15,000
Stonepeak and Evolve options
Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Antidilutive securities excluded from the computation of earnings per share (in shares)	0	12,500
Institutional/Accredited Investor Pre-Funded Warrants
Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Antidilutive securities excluded from the computation of earnings per share (in shares)	0	11,267
Institutional/Accredited Investor Warrants
Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Antidilutive securities excluded from the computation of earnings per share (in shares)	10,000	10,000
Underwriter Warrant - February 2024 offering
Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Antidilutive securities excluded from the computation of earnings per share (in shares)	25,500	0
2024 February Institutional/Accredited Investor Warrants - series A
Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Antidilutive securities excluded from the computation of earnings per share (in shares)	480,000	0
2024 February Institutional/Accredited Investor Warrants - series C
Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Antidilutive securities excluded from the computation of earnings per share (in shares)	30,000	0
2024 October Institutional/Accredited Investor Warrants
Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Antidilutive securities excluded from the computation of earnings per share (in shares)	1,102,295	0
2024 December Institutional/Accredited Investor Warrants
Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Antidilutive securities excluded from the computation of earnings per share (in shares)	85,287	0

Revenue Recognition - Disaggregation of Revenue (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Deferred Revenue Arrangement [Line Items]
Total revenue	$ 5,286,229	$ 8,332,162
Services - engineering and others
Deferred Revenue Arrangement [Line Items]
Total revenue	1,986,008	1,322,953
Grid services
Deferred Revenue Arrangement [Line Items]
Total revenue	321,671	839,265
Grants
Deferred Revenue Arrangement [Line Items]
Total revenue	409,977	326,757
Products
Deferred Revenue Arrangement [Line Items]
Total revenue	2,568,573	$ 5,843,187
Engineering Services, Management Fees
Deferred Revenue Arrangement [Line Items]
Total revenue	$ 848,929

- Definition

Amount, excluding tax collected from customer, of revenue from satisfaction of performance obligation by transferring promised good or service to customer. Tax collected from customer is tax assessed by governmental authority that is both imposed on and concurrent with specific revenue-producing transaction, including, but not limited to, sales, use, value added and excise.

+ References

Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 280
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 41
-Subparagraph (a)
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482810/280-10-50-41

Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 270
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 1
-Subparagraph (i)
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482964/270-10-50-1

Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 280
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 32
-Subparagraph (ee)
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482810/280-10-50-32

Reference 4: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/otherTransitionRef
-Topic 280
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 32
-Subparagraph (b)
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482810/280-10-50-32

Reference 5: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/otherTransitionRef
-Topic 280
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 32
-Subparagraph (a)
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482810/280-10-50-32

Reference 6: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 924
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section S99
-Paragraph 1
-Subparagraph (SAB Topic 11.L)
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147479941/924-10-S99-1

Reference 7: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 606
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 5
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147479806/606-10-50-5

Reference 8: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 280
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 30
-Subparagraph (a)
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482810/280-10-50-30

Reference 9: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 280
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 42
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482810/280-10-50-42

Reference 10: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 280
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 22
-Subparagraph (b)
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482810/280-10-50-22

Reference 11: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 280
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 40
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482810/280-10-50-40

Reference 12: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 280
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 22
-Subparagraph (a)
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482810/280-10-50-22

Reference 13: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 606
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 4
-Subparagraph (a)
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147479806/606-10-50-4

+ Details

Share-Based Compensation - Schedule of other share based compensation information (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Share-Based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]
Amount received from option exercised	$ 0	$ 0
Total unrecognized options compensation costs	$ 593,163
Weighted average remaining recognition period	4 months 6 days

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS - USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Revenue
Total revenue	$ 5,286,229	$ 8,332,162
Operating expenses
Selling, general, and administrative	17,671,110	24,694,693
Research and development	4,540,993	8,761,400
Total operating expenses	25,746,660	40,437,437
Operating loss	(20,460,431)	(32,105,275)
Other income
Interest (expense) income, net	(767,373)	108,182
Change in fair value of convertible notes	444,656	0
Change in fair value of warrants/investment rights liability	3,662,370	216,263
Change in fair value of derivative liability	(3,626)	49,497
Other, net	(300,408)	436,146
Total other income, net	3,035,619	810,088
Loss before taxes	(17,424,812)	(31,295,187)
Income tax expense	1,600	1,600
Net loss	(17,426,412)	(31,296,787)
Less: Net loss attributable to non-controlling interests	(28,809)	(12,456)
Net loss attributable to Nuvve Holding Corp.	(17,397,603)	(31,284,331)
Less: Preferred dividends on redeemable non-controlling interests	0	285,595
Less: Accretion on redeemable non-controlling interests preferred shares	0	645,864
Net loss attributable to Nuvve Holding Corp. common stockholders	$ (17,397,603)	$ (32,215,790)
Net loss per share attributable to Nuvve Holding Corp. common stockholders, basic (in Dollars per share)	$ (26.92)	$ (403.57)
Net loss per share attributable to Nuvve Holding Corp. common stockholders, diluted (in Dollars per share)	$ (26.92)	$ (403.57)
Weighted-average shares used in computing net loss per share attributable to Nuvve Holding Corp. common stockholders, basic (in Shares)	646,329	79,827
Weighted-average shares used in computing net loss per share attributable to Nuvve Holding Corp. common stockholders, diluted (in Shares)	646,329	79,827
Products
Revenue
Total revenue	$ 2,568,573	$ 5,843,187
Operating expenses
Cost of sales	2,124,506	5,804,011
Services - engineering and others (1)
Revenue
Total revenue	2,307,679	2,162,218
Operating expenses
Cost of sales	1,410,051	1,177,333
Grants
Revenue
Total revenue	$ 409,977	$ 326,757

Reportable Segment and Significant Segment Expenses (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Segment Reporting [Abstract]

Schedule of Segment Reporting Information, by Segment

The following table summarizes the Company’s significant selling, general, and administrative expenses, and research and development expenses that are regularly provided to the CODM:


	Years Ended December 31,
	2024		2023





Revenue	$	5,286,229	$	8,332,162
(Add)/deduct:
Cost of sales	3,534,557		6981344
Selling, general, and administrative expense:
Employee compensation and benefits	9,131,879		12,776,234

Consultants	15,668		130,751
Marketing	543,162		772,433
Rent	1,000,084		1,049,801

Professional fees	955,263		2,538,712
Legal	791,006		1,539,900
Insurance (excluding health & D&O)	200,239		208,490
IT Expense	1,482,641		678,037
Travel	217,070		451,898
Office Meal and Employee Reimbursement	78,233		152,614

Dues & Subscriptions	350,648		419,444
Repairs and Maintenance	(10,581)		22,163
Office Supplies	5,517		29,682
Telephone	8,945		7,729
Utilities.	44,864		42,647
Depreciation & Amortization	337,971		388,561
Bank charges	27,462		27,932
Public Co Fees	2,614,414		3,076,063
Other	(123,375)		381,604
Total selling, general, and administrative expense	17,671,110		24,694,693
Research and development expense:









Employee compensation and benefits	1,836,371		3,135,999

Consultants	1,629,718		3,527,315
Marketing	—		127

License fees	764,097		988,308

Legal	128,473		330,868

IT Expense	52,963		591,211
Travel	47,948		99,469
Office Meal and Employee Reimbursement	14,004		25,102


Repairs and Maintenance	61,558		56,588




Bank charges	5,642		6,280

Other	218		133
Total research and development expense	4,540,993		8,761,400

Total other income, net	3,035,619		810,088
Income tax expense	1,600		1,600

Net loss	$	(17,426,412)	$	(31,296,787)

The following table summarizes the Company’s intangible assets and property, plant and equipment in different geographic locations:


	December 31, 2024		December 31, 2023

United States	$	1,508,977	$	1,741,009
United Kingdom	1,425		2,894
Denmark	$	166,322	$	224,564
	$	1,676,724	$	1,968,467

Property, Plant, and Equipment (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Property, Plant and Equipment [Abstract]

Schedule of property, plant and equipment

The following table summarizes the Company’s property, plant and equipment balance:


	Useful Lives			As of December 31,
				2024		2023

Computers & servers	1 year	to	3 years	$	171,977	$	154,337
Vehicles	5 years	to	7 years	65,414		65,577

Office furniture and equipment	3 years	to	5 years	366,323		366,323
DC Chargers (1)	5 years	to	7 years	621,707		598,820
Total				1,225,421		1,185,057
Less: Accumulated Depreciation				(611,463)		(418,793)
Property, plant and equipment, net				$	613,958	$	766,264

				As of December 31,
				2024		2023
Depreciation expense				$	198,534	$	249,123

__________________

(1) Represents DC Chargers temporary loaned out to customers while their DC Chargers are being repaired.

Subsequent Events (Details)				1 Months Ended		3 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
Subsequent Events (Details)	Mar. 31, 2025 USD ($) $ / shares shares	Mar. 05, 2025 USD ($) d $ / shares	Jan. 31, 2025 USD ($)	Jan. 31, 2025 USD ($)	Oct. 31, 2024 USD ($) $ / shares	Mar. 31, 2025 USD ($) $ / shares shares	Dec. 31, 2024 shares	Feb. 21, 2025 shares	Feb. 20, 2025 shares	Aug. 27, 2024 USD ($) $ / shares	Dec. 31, 2023 shares
Subsequent Event [Line Items]
Number of warrants exercised (in shares) \| shares							147,500
Common stock, shares authorized \| shares							100,000,000				100,000,000
Subsequent Event
Subsequent Event [Line Items]
Warrant exercise price as a percentage of stock price		0.95
Common stock, shares authorized \| shares								200,000,000	100,000,000
Subsequent Event \| 2024 October Institutional/Accredited Investor Warrants
Subsequent Event [Line Items]
Number of warrants exercised (in shares) \| shares	281,652
Number of securities called by warrants (in shares) \| shares	281,652					281,652
Exercise price (in dollars per share) \| $ / shares	$ 2.080					$ 2.080
Gross proceeds	$ 585,836
Subsequent Event \| March 2025 Warrants
Subsequent Event [Line Items]
Exercise price (in dollars per share) \| $ / shares		$ 2.02
Exercise price (in dollars per share)		100.00%
Promissory Notes - August 27, 2024 \| Subsequent Event
Subsequent Event [Line Items]
Repayment of debt				$ 516,818
Promissory Notes - August 27, 2024 \| Promissory Notes
Subsequent Event [Line Items]
Conversion price (in dollars per share) \| $ / shares										$ 0.492
Face amount										$ 250,000
Original issue discount, percent										5.00%
Promissory Notes - August 27, 2024 \| Promissory Notes \| Subsequent Event
Subsequent Event [Line Items]
Repayment of debt			$ 523,097
Senior Convertible Notes - October 2024 \| Convertible Debt
Subsequent Event [Line Items]
Conversion price (in dollars per share) \| $ / shares					$ 3.402
Face amount					$ 3,750,000.01
Original issue discount, percent					10.00%
Debt instrument, term					18 months
Effective rate					8.00%
Senior Convertible Notes - October 2024 \| Convertible Debt \| Subsequent Event
Subsequent Event [Line Items]
Debt conversion, original debt, amount						$ 3,335,339
Debt conversion, converted instrument, shares issued (in shares) \| shares						1,568,020
Conversion price (in dollars per share) \| $ / shares	$ 2.315					$ 2.315
Senior Convertible Notes - March 2025 \| Convertible Debt \| Subsequent Event
Subsequent Event [Line Items]
Conversion price (in dollars per share) \| $ / shares		$ 2.02
Face amount		$ 1,666,666.67
Original issue discount, percent		10.00%
Debt instrument, term		18 months
Effective rate		8.00%
Equity financing, conversion price, percent of price paid, increased rate upon default		0.1800
Threshold trading days \| d		5
Threshold consecutive trading days \| d		10

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Assets and liabilities of consolidated VIEs (Details) - USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Assets
Cash	$ 371,497	$ 1,534,660
Total Assets	16,797,812	20,950,506
Liabilities
Accounts payable	1,882,357	1,694,325
Accrued expenses and dividend payable	3,393,205	4,632,101
Derivative liability - non-controlling redeemable preferred shares	0	309,728
Total Liabilities	18,087,459	13,960,043
Variable Interest Entity \| Levo Mobility LLC
Assets
Cash	10,404	27,337
Intercompany loan receivable	930,019	0
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	52,190	1,363
Total Assets	992,613	28,700
Liabilities
Accounts payable	166,681	8,380
Promissory notes	884,676	0
Accrued expenses and dividend payable	0	620,421
Derivative liability - non-controlling redeemable preferred shares	0	309,728
Total Liabilities	$ 1,051,357	$ 938,529

Derivative Liability - Non-Controlling Redeemable Preferred Stock (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024	Oct. 15, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Embedded Derivative [Line Items]
Fair Value, Net Derivative Asset (Liability), Recurring Basis, Unobservable Input Reconciliation, Gain (Loss), Statement of Income or Comprehensive Income [Extensible Enumeration]	Change in fair value of derivative liability
Fair Value, Liability, Recurring Basis, Unobservable Input Reconciliation, Gain (Loss), Statement of Income or Comprehensive Income [Extensible Enumeration]	Fair Value Adjustment of Warrants, Change in fair value of derivative liability
Derivative liability - non-controlling redeemable preferred shares	$ 0		$ 309,728
Levo LLCA
Embedded Derivative [Line Items]
Ownership (percent)		100.00%
Other Long-term Liabilities
Embedded Derivative [Line Items]
Derivative liability - non-controlling redeemable preferred shares	$ 0		$ 309,728

Share-Based Compensation - Schedule of stock-based compensation expense for stock options (Details) - Selling, general and administrative - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Share-based Payment Arrangement, Expensed and Capitalized, Amount [Line Items]
Share-based compensation expense	$ 2,620,127	$ 4,107,634
Options
Share-based Payment Arrangement, Expensed and Capitalized, Amount [Line Items]
Share-based compensation expense	2,370,564	2,676,963
Restricted stock
Share-based Payment Arrangement, Expensed and Capitalized, Amount [Line Items]
Share-based compensation expense	249,395	1,616,782
Stock options - modified options
Share-based Payment Arrangement, Expensed and Capitalized, Amount [Line Items]
Share-based compensation expense	169	43,139
Profit interest units
Share-based Payment Arrangement, Expensed and Capitalized, Amount [Line Items]
Share-based compensation expense	$ 0	$ (229,250)

Account Receivables, Net (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Receivables [Abstract]

Schedule of accounts receivable

The following tables summarizes the Company's account receivables:


		As of December 31,
		2024		2023
Trade receivables		$	2,463,821	$	2,107,497

Less: allowance for credit losses		(315,623)		(382,598)

	Accounts receivable, net	$	2,148,198	$	1,724,899

Allowance for credit losses:

	Balance December 31, 2022	$	(58,834)
	Provision	(323,764)
	Write-off	—
	Recoveries	—
	Balance December 31, 2023	$	(382,598)
	Provision	(41,082)
	Write-off	—
	Recoveries	108,057
	Balance December 31, 2024	$	(315,623)

Audit Information	12 Months Ended
Audit Information	Dec. 31, 2024
Audit Information [Abstract]
Auditor Firm ID	34
Auditor Name	Deloitte & Touche LLP
Auditor Location	San Diego, California

Leases - Lessor (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
Leases - Lessor (Details) - USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Lessee, Lease, Description [Line Items]
Operating lease, term of contract	10 years
Investment in leases	$ 101,415	$ 112,255
Operating Lease, Lease Income, Statement of Income or Comprehensive Income [Extensible Enumeration]	Total revenue
Master services agreement
Lessee, Lease, Description [Line Items]
Operating lease, term of contract		10 years
Lease income	$ 36,201	$ 24,027
Interest income	18,584	13,987
Total lease income	$ 54,785	$ 38,014

- Definition

Amount of operating interest income, including, but not limited to, amortization and accretion of premiums and discounts on securities.

+ References

Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef
-Topic 220
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section S99
-Paragraph 2
-Subparagraph (SX 210.5-03(1)(e))
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147483621/220-10-S99-2

Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 280
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 22
-Subparagraph (c)
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482810/280-10-50-22

Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/exampleRef
-Topic 280
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 55
-Paragraph 48
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482785/280-10-55-48

Reference 4: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 946
-SubTopic 320
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section S99
-Paragraph 6
-Subparagraph (SX 210.12-14(Column E)(1))
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147477271/946-320-S99-6

Reference 5: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 946
-SubTopic 320
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section S99
-Paragraph 6
-Subparagraph (SX 210.12-14(Column E)(Footnote 4))
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147477271/946-320-S99-6

Reference 6: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/exampleRef
-Topic 946
-SubTopic 830
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 55
-Paragraph 10
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147479168/946-830-55-10

Reference 7: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/exampleRef
-Topic 946
-SubTopic 830
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 45
-Paragraph 39
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147477346/946-830-45-39

Reference 8: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 946
-SubTopic 220
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section S99
-Paragraph 1
-Subparagraph (SX 210.6-07(1)(b))
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147479134/946-220-S99-1

Reference 9: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef
-Topic 946
-SubTopic 320
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section S99
-Paragraph 6
-Subparagraph (SX 210.12-14(Column E)(Footnote 6)(a))
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147477271/946-320-S99-6

+ Details

Leases - Sublease (Details)	1 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
Leases - Sublease (Details)	Jul. 31, 2024 USD ($) ft²	Apr. 30, 2022 USD ($) ft²	Dec. 31, 2024 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2023 USD ($)
Lessee, Lease, Description [Line Items]
Net area subleased \| ft²	7,842	4,811
Sublease term	7 years 6 months
Minimum
Lessee, Lease, Description [Line Items]
Sublease term		6 months
Sublease monthly rental income	$ 15,400	$ 2,250
Maximum
Lessee, Lease, Description [Line Items]
Sublease term		12 months
Sublease monthly rental income	$ 37,880	$ 14,500
Other, net
Lessee, Lease, Description [Line Items]
Sublease lease income			$ 381,894	$ 466,888

Share-Based Compensation - Schedule of nonvested restricted stock units (Details) - Restricted Stock Units (RSUs)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024 $ / shares shares
Shares
Beginning balance (in Shares) \| shares	1,051
Granted (in Shares) \| shares	0
Vested/Release (in Shares) \| shares	(36)
Cancelled/Forfeited (in Shares) \| shares	(1,015)
Ending balance (in Shares) \| shares	0
Weighted- Average Grant Date Fair Value($)
Beginning balance (in Dollars per share) \| $ / shares	$ 2,206.09
Granted (in Dollars per share) \| $ / shares	0
Vested/Release (in Dollars per share) \| $ / shares	1,420.98
Cancelled/Forfeited (in Dollars per share) \| $ / shares	266.19
Ending balance (in Dollars per share) \| $ / shares	$ 0

Income Taxes - Income Tax Expense (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
Income Taxes - Income Tax Expense (Details) - USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Current Income Tax Expense (Benefit), Continuing Operations [Abstract]
Federal	$ 0	$ 0
State	1,600	1,600
Current income tax expense	1,600	1,600
Deferred Income Tax Expense (Benefit), Continuing Operations [Abstract]
Federal	0	0
State	0	0
Deferred income tax expense	0	0
Income tax expense	$ 1,600	$ 1,600

- Definition

Amount of current income tax expense (benefit) and deferred income tax expense (benefit) pertaining to continuing operations.

+ References

Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 270
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 1
-Subparagraph (i)
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482964/270-10-50-1

Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 280
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 32
-Subparagraph (ee)
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482810/280-10-50-32

Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 740
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 12
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482685/740-10-50-12

Reference 4: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/exampleRef
-Topic 740
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 55
-Paragraph 231
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482663/740-10-55-231

Reference 5: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 250
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 9
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147483443/250-10-50-9

Reference 6: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 740
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section S99
-Paragraph 1
-Subparagraph (SAB Topic 6.I.7)
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147479360/740-10-S99-1

Reference 7: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 250
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 8
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147483443/250-10-50-8

Reference 8: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 740
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 10
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482685/740-10-50-10

Reference 9: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 280
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 22
-Subparagraph (h)
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482810/280-10-50-22

Reference 10: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 944
-SubTopic 220
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section S99
-Paragraph 1
-Subparagraph (SX 210.7-04(9))
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147477250/944-220-S99-1

Reference 11: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 45
-Paragraph 2
-Subparagraph (a)
-SubTopic 20
-Topic 740
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482659/740-20-45-2

Reference 12: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section S99
-Paragraph 1
-Subparagraph (SX 210.4-08(h))
-SubTopic 10
-Topic 235
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147480678/235-10-S99-1

+ Details

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (Parentheticals) - USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Temporary equity, par value (in Dollars per share)	$ 0	$ 0
Temporary equity, shares authorized (in Shares)	1,000,000	1,000,000
Temporary equity, shares issued (in Shares)	0	3,138
Temporary equity, shares outstanding (in Shares)	0	3,138
Temporary equity, liquidation preference	$ 0	$ 3,750,201
Preferred stock par value (in Dollars per share)	$ 0.0001
Preferred stock, shares authorized (in Shares)	1,000,000
Preferred stock, shares issued (in Shares)	0
Preferred stock, shares outstanding (in Shares)	0
Common stock par value (in Dollars per share)	$ 0.0001	$ 0.0001
Common stock, shares authorized (in Shares)	100,000,000	100,000,000
Common stock, shares issued (in Shares)	904,949	124,659
Common stock, shares outstanding (in Shares)	903,269	124,659
Treasury stock, shares outstanding (in shares)	1,680	0
Cumulative Preferred Stock
Preferred stock par value (in Dollars per share)	$ 0.0001	$ 0.0001
Preferred stock, shares authorized (in Shares)	1,000,000	1,000,000
Preferred stock, shares issued (in Shares)	0	0
Preferred stock, shares outstanding (in Shares)	0	0
Class D Incentive Units
Temporary equity, par value (in Dollars per share)	$ 0	$ 0
Temporary equity, shares authorized (in Shares)	1,000,000	1,000,000
Temporary equity, shares issued (in Shares)	0	50,000
Temporary equity, shares outstanding (in Shares)	0	50,000

Share-Based Compensation (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Share-Based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]

Schedule of stock-based compensation expense for stock options

Share-based compensation expense recognized in selling, general, and administrative, and research and development are as follows:


	Years Ended December 31,
		2024		2023
Options		$	2,370,564	$	2,676,963
Restricted stock		249,395		1,616,782
Stock options - modified options		169		43,139
Profit interest units		—		(229,250)
Total		$	2,620,127	$	4,107,634

Schedule of stock option activity

The following is a summary of the stock option activity under the 2010 Plan for the year ended December 31, 2024:


	Shares	Weighted- Average Exercise Price per Share($)	Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Term (Years)	Aggregate Intrinsic Value($)
Outstanding - December 31, 2023	1,916	1,033.98	3.53	—
Granted	—	—	—	—
Exercised	—	—	—	—
Forfeited	—	—	—	—
Expired/Cancelled	—	—	—	—
Outstanding - December 31, 2024	1,916	1,033.98	2.54	—

Options Exercisable at December 31, 2024	1,916	1,033.98	2.54	—
Option Vested at December 31, 2024	1,916	1,033.98	2.54	—

The following is a summary of the stock option activity under the 2020 Plan for the year ended December 31, 2024:


	Shares	Weighted- Average Exercise Price per Share ($)	Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Term (Years)	Aggregate Intrinsic Value($)
Outstanding - December 31, 2023	4,931	3,773.62	7.91	—
Granted	—	—	0.00	—
Exercised	—	—	—	—
Forfeited	(100)	618.64	—	—
Expired/Cancelled	(88)	1,900.59	—	—
Outstanding - December 31, 2024	4,743	3,874.89	6.68	—

Options Exercisable at December 31, 2024	3,415	5,024.23	6.39	—
Option Vested at December 31, 2024	3,415	5,024.23	6.39	—

A summary of the status of the Company’s Class D Incentive Units as of December 31, 2023, and changes during year ended December 31, 2024, is presented below:


	Shares	Weighted- Average Grant Date Fair Value($)
Nonvested at December 31, 2023	50,000	12.49
Granted	—	—
Vested	—	—
Cancelled (1)	50,000	12.49
Nonvested and Outstanding at December 31, 2024	—	—

Disclosure of share-based compensation arrangements by share-based payment award

Other Information:


	Years Ended December 31,
	2024		2023
Amount received from option exercised	$	—	$	—

	December 31, 2024				Weighted average remaining recognition period
Total unrecognized options compensation costs	$	593,163			0.35

Schedule of nonvested restricted stock units

A summary of the status of the Company’s nonvested restricted stock units as of December 31, 2023, and changes during the year ended December 31, 2024, is presented below:


	Shares	Weighted- Average Grant Date Fair Value($)
Nonvested at December 31, 2023	1,051	2,206.09
Granted	—	—
Vested/Release	(36)	1,420.98
Cancelled/Forfeited	(1,015)	266.19
Nonvested and Outstanding at December 31, 2024	—	—

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Schedule of assets and liabilities included in the company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets

The following table summarizes the carrying amounts of VIE's assets and liabilities included in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets:


	December 31, 2024		December 31, 2023
Assets

Cash	$	10,404	$	27,337




Intercompany loan receivable	$	930,019	$	—
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	52,190		1,363








Total Assets	$	992,613	$	28,700

Liabilities

Accounts payable and other liabilities	$	166,681	$	8,380
Promissory notes	$	884,676	—
Accrued expenses and dividend payable	—		$	620,421






Derivative liability - non-controlling redeemable preferred shares	—		309,728

Total Liabilities	$	1,051,357	$	938,529

- Definition

Tabular disclosure of the significant judgments and assumptions made in determining whether a variable interest (as defined) held by the entity requires the variable interest entity (VIE) (as defined) to be consolidated and (or) disclose information about its involvement with the VIE, individually or in aggregate (as applicable); the nature of restrictions, if any, on the consolidated VIE's assets and on the settlement of its liabilities reported by an entity in its statement of financial position, including the carrying amounts of such assets and liabilities; the nature of, and changes in, the risks associated with involvement in the VIE; how involvement with the VIE affects the entity's financial position, financial performance, and cash flows; the lack of recourse if creditors (or beneficial interest holders) of the consolidated VIE have no recourse to the general credit of the primary beneficiary (if applicable); the terms of arrangements, giving consideration to both explicit arrangements and implicit variable interests, if any, that could require the entity to provide financial support to the VIE, including events or circumstances that could expose the entity to a loss; the methodology used by the entity for determining whether or not it is the primary beneficiary of the variable interest entity; the significant factors considered and judgments made in determining that the power to direct the activities of a VIE that most significantly impact the VIE's economic performance are shared (as defined); the carrying amounts and classification of assets and liabilities of the VIE included in the statement of financial position; the entity's maximum exposure to loss, if any, as a result of its involvement with the VIE, including how the maximum exposure is determined and significant sources of the entity's exposure to the VIE; a comparison of the carrying amounts of the assets and liabilities and the entity's maximum exposure to loss; information about any liquidity arrangements, guarantees, and (or) other commitments by third parties that may affect the fair value or risk of the entity's variable interest in the VIE; whether or not the entity has provided financial support or other support (explicitly or implicitly) to the VIE that it was not previously contractually required to provide or whether the entity intends to provide that support, including the type and amount of the support and the primary reasons for providing the support; and supplemental information the entity determines necessary to provide.

+ References + Details

Revenue Recognition

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Revenue from Contract with Customer [Abstract]

Revenue Recognition

The disclosures below discuss the Company’s material revenue contracts.

The following table provides information regarding disaggregated revenue:


	Years Ended December 31,
		2024		2023
Revenue recognized over time:
Services - engineering and others (1)		$	1,986,008	$	1,322,953
Grid services		321,671		839,265
Grants		409,977		326,757
Revenue recognized at point in time:
Products		2,568,573		5,843,187
Total revenue		$	5,286,229	$	8,332,162

__________________

(1) Amount includes $848,929 of management fees earned related to Fresno EV infrastructure project management.


2025	$	506,496
2026	466,594
2027	154,737
2028	78,250
Thereafter	72,166
Total (1)	$	1,278,243

__________________

(1) The revenue recognition is subject to the completion of construction and commissioning of the EV infrastructure.

The following table summarizes the Company’s revenues by geography:


	Years Ended December 31,
		2024		2023

United States		$	4,979,722	$	7,858,583
United Kingdom		—		33,047
Denmark		306,507		440,532
		$	5,286,229	$	8,332,162

- Definition

The entire disclosure of revenue from contract with customer to transfer good or service and to transfer nonfinancial asset. Includes, but is not limited to, disaggregation of revenue, credit loss recognized from contract with customer, judgment and change in judgment related to contract with customer, and asset recognized from cost incurred to obtain or fulfill contract with customer. Excludes insurance and lease contracts.

+ References

Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 606
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 9
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147479806/606-10-50-9

Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 606
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 10
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147479806/606-10-50-10

Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 606
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 15
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147479806/606-10-50-15

Reference 4: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 606
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 12
-Subparagraph (a)
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147479806/606-10-50-12

Reference 5: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 606
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 12
-Subparagraph (b)
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147479806/606-10-50-12

Reference 6: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 606
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 12
-Subparagraph (c)
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147479806/606-10-50-12

Reference 7: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 606
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 12
-Subparagraph (d)
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147479806/606-10-50-12

Reference 8: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 606
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 12
-Subparagraph (e)
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147479806/606-10-50-12

Reference 9: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 606
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 13
-Subparagraph (b)(2)
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147479806/606-10-50-13

Reference 10: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Topic 606
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/606/tableOfContent

+ Details

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

(a)Basis of Presentation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”).

The Company has reclassified certain prior period amounts to conform to the current year presentation.

In accordance with the related Going Concern accounting standards, the Company has evaluated whether there are conditions and events, considered in the aggregate, that raise substantial doubt about its ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the consolidated financial statements are issued. Since inception, the Company has incurred recurring losses and negative cash flows from operations and has an accumulated deficit of $165.6 million and $148.2 million as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. During the years ended December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company incurred an operating loss of $20.5 million and $32.1 million, respectively, and used $15.7 million and $21.3 million, respectively, of cash in operations. The Company continues to expect to generate operating losses and negative cash flows and will need additional funding to support its planned operating activities through profitability and to repay its $0.9 million of debt due within a year after these financial statements are issued. The transition to profitability is dependent upon the successful expanded commercialization of the Company's GIVe platform and the achievement of a level of revenues adequate to support its cost structure.

Management plans to fund current operations and satisfy its other obligations through increased revenues and raising additional capital. Management's expectations with respect to the Company’s ability to fund current operations and its other obligations is based on estimates that are subject to risks and uncertainties. There is an inherent risk that the Company may not achieve such financial projections and if so, cash outflows could be higher than currently anticipated. However, as such plans are not solely within management’s control management cannot conclude as of the date of this filing that the plans are probable of being successfully implemented and as such has concluded that substantial doubt exists about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern for twelve months from the date of issuance of our financial statements.

The consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments relating to the recoverability and classification of recorded asset amounts or the amounts and classification of liabilities that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.

(b)Principles of Consolidation

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts and operations of the Company, its wholly owned subsidiaries and its consolidated variable interest entity. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated upon consolidation.

Variable Interest Entities

Pursuant to the consolidation guidance, the Company first evaluates whether it holds a variable interest in an entity in which it has a financial relationship and, if so, whether or not that entity is a variable interest entity ("VIE"). A VIE is an entity with insufficient equity at risk for the entity to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support or in which equity investors at risk lack the characteristics of a controlling financial interest. If an entity is determined to be a VIE, the Company evaluates whether the Company is the primary beneficiary. The primary beneficiary analysis is a qualitative analysis based on power and economics. The Company concludes that it is the primary beneficiary and consolidates the VIE if the Company has both (i) the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly influence the VIE's economic performance, and (ii) the obligation to absorb losses of, or the right to receive benefits from, the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE.

The Company formed Levo with Stonepeak and Evolve, in which the Company owned 51% of Levo's common units. The Company had determined that Levo was a VIE in which the Company was the primary beneficiary. Accordingly, the Company consolidated Levo and recorded a non-controlling interest for the share of the entity owned by Stonepeak and Evolve. On October 15, 2024, the Company, Stonepeak, and Evolve entered into a Limited Liability Company Interest Sale Agreement, pursuant to which Stonepeak and Evolve sold their combined 49% membership interest in Levo to the Company for a de minimis price. In connection with, and pursuant to Stonepeak and Evolve's sale of their combined interest in Levo to the Company (See Note 1), the Company became the 100% owner of Levo. On December 13, 2024, the Company dissolved Levo as an entity.

Assets and Liabilities of Consolidated VIEs

The Company's consolidated financial statements include the assets, liabilities and results of operations of VIEs for which the Company is the primary beneficiary. The other equity holders’ interests are reflected in "Net loss attributable to non-controlling interests" in the consolidated statements of operations and "Non-controlling interests" in the consolidated balance sheets. See Note 19 for details of non-controlling interests.

The creditors of the consolidated VIE do not have recourse to the Company other than to the assets of the consolidated VIEs. The following table summarizes the carrying amounts of VIE's assets and liabilities included in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets:


	December 31, 2024		December 31, 2023
Assets

Cash	$	10,404	$	27,337




Intercompany loan receivable	$	930,019	$	—
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	52,190		1,363








Total Assets	$	992,613	$	28,700

Liabilities

Accounts payable and other liabilities	$	166,681	$	8,380
Promissory notes	$	884,676	—
Accrued expenses and dividend payable	—		$	620,421






Derivative liability - non-controlling redeemable preferred shares	—		309,728

Total Liabilities	$	1,051,357	$	938,529

(c)Redeemable Non-Controlling Interest - Mezzanine Equity

Redeemable non-controlling interest represents the shares of the preferred stock issued by Levo to Stonepeak and Evolve (the "preferred shareholders"), who owned 49% of Levo common units. The preferred stock was not mandatorily redeemable or currently redeemable, but it could be redeemable with the passage of time at the election of Levo, the preferred shareholders or a trigger event as defined in the preferred stock agreement. As a result of the contingent put right available to the preferred shareholders, the redeemable non-controlling interests in Levo are classified as mezzanine equity in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets as mezzanine equity. The initial carrying value of the redeemable non-controlling interest is reported at the initial proceeds received on issuance date, reduced by the fair value of embedded derivatives resulting in an adjusted initial carrying value. The adjusted initial carrying value is further adjusted for the accretion of the difference with the redemption price value using the effective interest method. The accretion amount is a deemed dividend recorded against retained earnings or, in its absence, to additional-paid-in-capital. The carrying amount of the redeemable non-controlling interest is measured at the higher of the carrying amount adjusted each reporting period for income (or loss) attributable to the non-controlling interest, or the carrying amount adjusted each reporting period by the accretion amount. See Note 19 for details.

In connection with, and pursuant to Stonepeak and Evolve sale of their combined interest in Levo to the Company (See Note 1), the Company became the 100% owner of Levo. As result, the redeemable non-controlling interest, the redeemable preferred stock, including the accumulated unpaid accrued preferred dividends, were cancelled during year ended December 31, 2024.

(d)Non-controlling interests

The Company presents non-controlling interests as a component of equity on its consolidated balance sheets and reports the portion of its earnings or loss for non-controlling interest as net earnings or loss attributable to non-controlling interests in the consolidated statements of operations.

(e)Profits Interests Units (Class D Incentive Units)

Class D Incentive Units are issued by Levo to certain key employees in the form of profits interests within the meaning of the Internal Revenue Service (“Profits Interests”). Any future distributions under the Profits Interests will only occur once distributions made to all other member units exceed a threshold amount. The Company performed an analysis of the key features of the Profits Interests to determine whether the nature of the Profits Interests are (a) an equity award which should be accounted for under ASC 718, Compensation – Stock Compensation or (b) a bonus arrangement which should be accounted for under ASC 710, Compensation – General. Based on the features of the Profits Interests, the awards are considered stock compensation to be accounted for as equity. Accordingly, compensation expense for the Profits Interests will be recognized over the vesting period of the awards.

In connection with, and pursuant to Stonepeak and Evolve's sale of their combined interest in Levo to the Company on October 15, 2024, the Company became the 100% owner of Levo. As result, the Class D Incentive Units were cancelled.

(f)Emerging Growth Company

Section 102(b)(1) of the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012 (the “JOBS Act”) permits emerging growth companies (“EGC”) to delay adoption of new or revised financial accounting standards that do not yet apply to private companies (that is, those that have not had a Securities Act registration statement declared effective or do not have a class of securities registered under the Exchange Act). The Company qualifies as an EGC. The JOBS Act provides that an EGC can elect to opt-out of the extended transition period and comply with the requirements that apply to non-EGCs, but any such election to opt-out is irrevocable. The Company has elected not to opt-out of such an extended transition period, which means that when a standard is issued or revised and it has different application dates for public or private companies, the Company, as an EGC, can adopt the new or revised standard at the time private companies adopt the new or revised standard. This different adoption timing may make a comparison of the Company’s financial statements with another public company which is neither an EGC nor an EGC that has opted out of using the extended transition period difficult or impossible because of the potential differences in accounting standards used.

(g)Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that may affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Significant estimates and assumptions made by management include the impairment of intangible assets, the net realizable value of inventory, the fair value of share-based payments, lease incremental borrowing rate, derivative liability associated with redeemable preferred shares, revenue recognition, the fair value of warrants, annual bonus accrual, and the recognition and disclosure of contingent liabilities.

Management evaluates its estimates on an ongoing basis. Actual results could materially vary from those estimates.

(h)Warrants

The Company reviews the terms of warrants to purchase its common stock to determine whether warrants should be classified as liabilities or stockholders’ equity in its consolidated balance sheet. In order for a warrant to be classified in stockholders’ equity, the warrant must be (a) indexed to the Company’s equity and (b) meet the conditions for equity classification in Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Subtopic 815-40, Derivatives and Hedging – Contracts in an Entity’s Own Equity. If a warrant does not meet the conditions for equity classification, it is carried on the consolidated balance sheet as a warrant liability measured at fair value, with subsequent changes in the fair value of the warrant recorded in the statement of operations as change in fair value of warrants in other income (expense). If a warrant meets both conditions for equity classification, the warrant is initially recorded in additional paid-in capital on the consolidated balance sheets, and the amount initially recorded is not subsequently remeasured at fair value.

(i)Foreign Currency Matters

For Nuvve Corp., Nuvve SaS, and Nuvve LTD, the functional currency is the U.S. dollar. All local foreign currency asset and liability amounts are remeasured into U.S. dollars at balance sheet date exchange rates, except for inventories, prepaid expenses, and property, plant, and equipment, which are remeasured at historical rates. Foreign currency revenue and expenses are remeasured at average exchange rates in effect during the year, except for expenses related to balance sheet amounts which are remeasured at historical exchange rates. Transaction gains and losses that arise from exchange rate fluctuations on transactions denominated in a currency other than the functional currency are included in other income (expense) in the consolidated statements of operations.

The financial position and results of operations of the Company’s non-U.S. dollar functional currency subsidiary, Nuvve Denmark, are measured using the subsidiary’s local currency as the functional currency. The Company translates the assets and liabilities of Nuvve Denmark into U.S. dollars using exchange rates in effect at the balance sheet date. Revenues and expenses for the subsidiary are translated using rates that approximate those in effect during the period. The resulting translation gain and loss adjustments are reflected as a foreign currency translation adjustment in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) within stockholders’ equity in the consolidated balance sheets. Foreign currency translation adjustments are included in other comprehensive income in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

(j)Cash and Restricted Cash

The Company maintains cash balances that can, at times, exceed amounts insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, which is up to $250,000. The Company has not experienced any losses in these accounts and believes it is not exposed to any significant credit risk in this area. In connection with a new office lease agreement, the Company was required to provide irrevocable, unconditional letter of credit to the landlord upon execution of the lease. The total amount securing the letter of credit and recorded as restricted cash as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 was $320,000 and $480,000, respectively.

(k)Accounts Receivable

Accounts receivable consist primarily of payments due from customers under the Company’s contracts with customers. The Company performs ongoing credit evaluations of customers to assess the probability of accounts receivable collection based on a number of factors, including past transaction experience with the customer, assessment of their credit history, and review of the invoicing terms of the contract. The Company maintains an allowance for credit losses on customer accounts when deemed necessary. Based on the analysis, the Company recorded an allowance for credit losses as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023. See Note 7 for details.

(l)Concentrations of Credit Risk

At December 31, 2024 and 2023, the financial instruments which potentially expose the Company to concentration of credit risk consist of cash in financial institutions (in excess of federally insured limits) and trade receivables.

The Company had certain customers whose revenue individually represented 10% or more of the Company’s total revenue, or whose accounts receivable balances individually represented 10% or more of the Company’s total accounts receivable, as follows:

For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, three customers accounted for 33.2%, and three customers accounted for 30.3% of total revenue, respectively.

During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company's top five customers accounted for approximately 42.3% and 38.9%, respectively, of the Company’s total revenue.

At December 31, 2024, three customers in aggregate accounted for 71.6% of accounts receivable. At December 31, 2023, three customers in aggregate accounted for 60.9% of accounts receivable.

Approximately 81.3% and 74.0% of the Company’s trade accounts receivable balance was with five customers at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The Company estimates its maximum credit risk for accounts receivable at the amount recorded on the balance sheet. The trade accounts receivables are generally short-term and all potential credit losses have been appropriately considered in establishing the allowance for doubtful accounts.

(m)Inventories

Inventories, consisting primarily of DC chargers, are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value. The Company values its inventories using the first-in, first-out method. Cost includes purchased products. Net realizable value is based on current selling prices less costs of disposal. At December 31, 2024, and December 31, 2023, the Company’s inventories consisted solely of finished goods, components parts and carbon credits. Should demand for the Company’s products prove to be significantly less than anticipated, the ultimate realizable value of the Company’s inventories could be substantially less than the amount shown on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.

(n)Property and Equipment, Net

Property and equipment are carried at cost less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is calculated on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the respective asset. Maintenance and repairs are expensed as incurred while betterments are capitalized. Upon sale or disposition of assets, any gain or loss is included in the consolidated statement of operations.

(o)Intangible Assets

Intangible assets consist of patents which are amortized over the period of estimated benefit using the straight-line method. No significant residual value is estimated for intangible assets.

(p)Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

The Company evaluates long-lived assets for impairment, including evaluating the useful lives for amortizing intangible assets, whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of an asset may not be recoverable. If the estimated future cash flows (undiscounted and without interest charges) from the use of an asset are less than the carrying value, a write-down would be recorded to reduce the related asset to its estimated fair value. There were no such write-downs for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.

(q)Investments in Equity Securities Without Readily Determinable Fair Values

Investments in equity securities of nonpublic entities without readily determinable fair values are carried at cost minus impairment, if any, plus or minus changes resulting from observable price changes in orderly transactions for the identical or a similar investment of the same issuer. The Company reviews its equity securities without readily determinable fair values on a regular basis to determine if the investment is impaired. For purposes of this assessment, the Company considers the investee’s cash position, earnings and revenue outlook, liquidity, and management ownership, among other factors, in its review. If management’s assessment indicates that an impairment exists, the Company estimates the fair value of the equity investment and recognizes in current earnings an impairment loss that is equal to the difference between the fair value of the equity investment and its carrying amount.

In February 2019, the Company invested in common shares of Dreev SaS, (“Dreev”). Dreev is a nonpublic entity, for which there is no readily determinable fair value. As of December 31, 2024, and December 31, 2023, the Company’s investment in Dreev was accounted for as an investment in equity securities without a readily determinable fair value. The Company did not recognize an impairment loss on its investment during the year ended December 31, 2024 or the year ended December 31, 2023.

(r)Employee Savings Plan

The Company maintains a savings plan on behalf of its employees that qualifies under Section 401(k) of the Internal Revenue Code. Participating employees may contribute up to the statutory limits. For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company did not contribute to the savings plan.

(s)Fair Value Measurement

The Company’s financial instruments consist principally of cash, accounts receivable, accounts payable, accrued expenses, and warrants. Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. In determining fair value, the Company utilizes valuation techniques that maximize the use of observable inputs and minimizes the use of unobservable inputs to the extent possible. The Company also considers counterparty risk and its own credit risk in its assessment of fair value.

The categorization of financial instruments within the valuation hierarchy is based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The inputs used to measure fair value are prioritized based on a three-level hierarchy. The three levels of inputs used to measure fair value are defined as follows:

•Level 1 – Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

•Level 2 – Other inputs that are observable directly or indirectly, such as quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities or market corroborated inputs.

•Level 3 – Unobservable inputs are used when little or no market data is available, which requires the Company to develop its own assumptions about how market participants would value the assets or liabilities.

(t)Net Loss Per Share Attributable to Common Stockholders

The Company’s basic and diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders is calculated by dividing the net loss attributable to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding for the period.

The computation of net loss attributable to common stockholders is computed by deducting net earnings or loss attributable to non-controlling interests, preferred dividends on redeemable non-controlling interest, and accretion on preferred shares on redeemable non-controlling interest from the consolidated net earnings or loss (Note 15).

(u)Revenue Recognition

The Company recognizes revenue in accordance with the way that depicts the transfer of control of promised products or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled in exchange for those products or services. The Company enters into contracts that can include various combinations of products and services, which are generally distinct and accounted for as separate performance obligations. Revenue is recognized net of allowances for credits and any taxes collected from customers, which are subsequently remitted to governmental authorities.

The Company recognizes revenue through the following steps:

•Identification of the contract, or contracts, with a customer;

•Identification of the performance obligations in the contract;

•Determination of the transaction price;

•Allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and

•Recognition of revenue when, or as, the Company satisfies a performance obligation.

The Company’s revenue is primarily derived from sales of EV charging stations, school buses, fees for cloud computing services related to providing access to the Company’s GIVe platform, and fees for extended warranty and maintenance services. The Company also has performed certain software development services and received government grants. GIVe platform access is considered a monthly series comprised of one performance obligation and fees are recognized as revenue in the period the services are provided to and consumed by the customer. The transaction price for each contract is allocated between the identified performance obligations based on relative estimated standalone selling prices.

The Company occasionally enters into contracts with customers in which EV charging stations are sold at a discount in exchange for a higher percentage of revenue share from the customer selling energy through the GIVe platform or from carbon credits. Due to the long-term nature of these payment terms, certain contracts are considered to have significant financing components as it relates to the equipment. The Company estimates the effect of any significant financing component and records the revenue associated with the EV charging stations at the estimated present value of the expected stream of payments. As payments are received, the difference between the total payment and the amortized value of the receivable is recorded to interest income in Other income (expense) in the consolidated statements of operations using the effective yield method.

Products – The Company sells EV charging stations either on a standalone basis or together with services such as access to the GIVe platform, extended warranty and maintenance services. When the sale of charging station is a distinct performance obligation, revenue is recognized upon delivery. For other customer contracts, the charging stations are sold as part of a solution and are not distinct from the services, and revenue from the charging station is recognized upon completion of installation and commissioning of the equipment.

Services – Specific contracts contain licenses to the software that provides the V2G functionality for one- to twelve-year contract periods through access to the Company’s software as a service GIVe platform application. The Company determined that the nature of the GIVe application performance obligation is providing continuous access to its GIVe application for the contract period. Although the activities that the customer may be able to perform via the GIVe application may vary from day to day, the overall promise is to provide continuous access to the GIVe application to the customer for a period of one- to twelve years. Thus, access to the GIVe application represents a series of distinct services that are substantially the same and have the same pattern of transfer to the customer, and the Company has determined that for GIVe SaaS revenue, the best indicator for the transfer of control is the passage of time. The payment terms for some of the Company’s service contracts include revenue sharing arrangements whereby the Company is entitled to the right to receive a portion of the revenue generated by the customer selling energy through the GIVe platform or from carbon credits received as a result of the customer using the GIVe platform. Revenue is recognized as it is received.

The Company has entered into various agreements for research and development and software development services. The terms of these arrangements typically include terms whereby the Company receives milestone payments in accordance with the scope of services outlined in the respective agreement or is reimbursed for allowable costs. At the inception of each arrangement that includes milestone payments, the Company evaluates whether a significant reversal of cumulative revenue associated with achieving the milestones is probable and estimates the amount to be included in the transaction price using the most likely amount method. If it is probable that a significant reversal of cumulative revenue would not occur, the associated milestone value is included in the transaction price. The Company applies judgment in evaluating factors such as the scientific, regulatory,

commercial, and other risks that must be overcome to achieve a particular milestone in making this assessment. At the end of each subsequent reporting period, the Company reevaluates the probability of achievement of all milestones subject to constraint and, if necessary, adjusts its estimate of the overall transaction price. Any such adjustments are recorded on a cumulative catch-up basis, which would affect revenues and earnings in the period of adjustment. Revenue arising from reimbursed allowable costs are recognized as the costs are submitted and approved by the applicable agency.

The Company occasionally sells extended warranty contracts on the charging stations, which includes maintenance of the equipment for a period (e.g., three years, five years, 10 years, 12 years). The warranty provides the customer with assurance that the product will function as intended for the period of the contract and maintenance services related to the equipment. Since the warranty provides a customer with a service in addition to the assurance that the product complies with agreed-upon specifications, the promised service is a performance obligation. Access to the warranty services represent a series of distinct services that are substantially the same and have the same pattern of transfer to the customer, and the Company recognizes warranty revenue ratably with the passage of time.

The Company occasionally enters into agreements with third parties that include payment of management fees for services such as project design, planning, and management. Revenue on such agreements are recognized based on pre-agreed fees schedule on the performance obligations.

Revenue for certain service contracts, such as third party installation, is recognized on gross basis over time using an input method where progress on the performance obligation is measured based on the proportional actual costs incurred to date relative to the total costs expected to be required to satisfy the performance obligation.

Bill-and-hold arrangements - The Company occasionally enters into bill and hold arrangements in which some customers request that billed products that are ready for delivery be held at the Company's warehouse facility for them until shipment at a later date. In this instance, revenue is recognized when; 1) the risks of ownership, including title, have passed to the customer, 2) the product must be identified separately as belonging to the customer, 3) the product currently must be ready for physical transfer to the customer, and 4) the Company does not have the ability to use the product or to direct it to another customer.

Grant revenue – The Company has concluded that grants are not within the scope of ASC 606, as government entities do not meet the definition of a “customer” as defined by ASC 606, and as for the grants, there is not considered to be a transfer of control of goods or services to the government entity funding the grant. Additionally, the Company has concluded these government grants meet the definition of a contribution and are non-reciprocal transactions; however, ASC Subtopic 958-605, Not-for-Profit-Entities-Revenue Recognition, does not apply, as the Company is a business entity, and the grants are with a governmental agency.

Revenues from each grant are based upon internal costs incurred that are specifically covered by the grant. Revenue is recognized as the Company incurs expenses that are related to the grant. The Company believes this policy is consistent with the overarching premise in ASC 606, to ensure that it recognizes revenues to reflect the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which it expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services, even though there is no “exchange” as defined in the ASC. The Company believes the recognition of revenue as costs are incurred and amounts become earned/realizable is analogous to the concept of transfer of control of a service over time under ASC 606.

The Company considers contract modifications to exist when the modification either creates new or makes changes to the existing enforceable rights and obligations. Contract modifications for services that are not distinct from the existing contract are accounted for as if they were part of that existing contract. In these cases, the effect of the contract modification on the transaction price and the measure of progress for the performance obligation to which it relates are recognized as an adjustment to revenue (either as an increase in or a reduction of revenue) on a cumulative catch-up basis. Contract modifications for goods or services that are considered distinct from the existing contract are accounted for as separate contracts.

The Company’s contract liabilities consist solely of deferred revenue related to amounts billed or received in advance of services or products delivered.

(v)Cost of Revenue

Cost of revenue consists primarily of costs of material, including hardware and software costs, and costs of providing services, including employee compensation and other costs associated with supporting these functions. Cost of revenue does not include depreciation and amortization costs.

(w)Contract Costs

Under ASC Subtopic 340-40, Other Assets and Deferred Costs—Contracts with Customers (“ASC 340-40”), the Company defers all incremental costs, including commissions, and costs incurred to obtain or to perform contracts, and amortizes these costs over the expected period of benefit which is generally the life of the contract. The Company evaluated incremental contract costs for contracts in place as of December 31, 2024, and December 31, 2023 and determined that these costs are recoverable.

(x)Income Taxes

The Company accounts for income taxes under the asset and liability method in accordance with ASC Topic 740, Income Taxes, (“ASC 740”), under which it recognizes deferred income taxes, net of valuation allowances, for net operating losses, tax credit carryforwards, and the estimated future tax effects of temporary differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date.

The Company evaluates its deferred tax assets quarterly to determine if a valuation allowance is required and considers whether a valuation allowance should be recorded against deferred tax assets based on the likelihood that the benefits of the deferred tax assets will or will not ultimately be realized in future periods. In making this assessment, significant weight is given to evidence that can be objectively verified, such as recent operating results, and less consideration is given to less objective indicators, such as future income projections. After consideration of positive and negative evidence, if the Company determines that it is not more likely than not that it will generate future income sufficient to realize its deferred tax assets, the Company will record a reduction in the valuation allowance.

The Company applies certain provisions of ASC 740, which includes a two-step approach to recognizing and measuring uncertain tax positions. The first step is to evaluate the tax position for recognition by determining if the weight of available evidence indicates it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained on audit, including resolution of related appeals or litigation processes, if any. The second step is to measure the tax benefit or obligation as the largest amount that is more than 50% likely of being realized upon ultimate settlement. The Company considers many factors when evaluating and estimating its tax positions and tax benefits, which may require periodic adjustments.

(y)Research and Development

The Company expenses research and development costs as incurred. External software development expense is included in research and development costs except for those costs which require capitalization in accordance with GAAP. Certain research and development costs are related to performance on grant contracts.

(z)Share-Based Compensation

The Company accounts for all share-based compensations costs granted to employees and non-employees under the method prescribed by ASC 718-10, Stock Compensation (Note 13). Stock-based compensation cost is measured based on the estimated grant date fair value of the award and is recognized as expense over the requisite service period. The Company accounts for forfeitures as they occur.

(aa)Leases

The Company makes a determination if an arrangement constitutes a lease at inception, and categorizes the lease as either an operating or finance lease. Operating leases are included in right-of-use operating lease assets and operating lease liabilities in the Company's consolidated balance sheets. Finance leases are included in property, plant and equipment, net and other liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets. Leases with an initial term of 12 months or less are not recorded on the consolidated balance sheets.

The Company has entered into leases for building facilities and vehicles. The Company’s leases have contractual terms of up to 10 years, some of which have options to extend the lease. For purposes of calculating operating lease liabilities, lease terms are deemed not to include options to extend the lease renewals until it is reasonably certain that the Company will exercise that option. The Company's lease agreements do not contain any material residual value guarantees or material restrictive covenants.

Right-of-use lease assets represent the Company's right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent the Company's obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. Operating lease right-of-use assets and liabilities are recognized at commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. As the implicit rate on most of the Company's leases are not reasonable determinable, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at commencement date in determining the present value of lease payments. The Company uses the implicit rate when readily determinable. Lease terms may include options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that the company will exercise that option. Lease expense is primarily recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. The Company has lease agreements with lease and non-lease components, which are combined for certain assets classes.

(ab)Recently adopted accounting pronouncements

In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280) Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures. ASU 2023-07 requires disclosure of significant segment expenses that are regularly provided to the chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) and included within each reported measure of segment profit or loss, an amount and description of its composition for other segment items to reconcile to segment profit or loss, and the title and position of the Company’s CODM. The amendments in this update also provide new segment disclosure requirements for entities with a single reportable segment, and expand the interim segment disclosure requirements. ASU 2023-07 is effective for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024. Early adoption is permitted and the amendments in this update are required to be applied on a retrospective basis. The Company adopted the guidance effective for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024. The adoption of the guidance did not have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements. See Note 20 for disclosure.

(ac)Recently issued accounting pronouncements not yet adopted

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740) Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures. ASU 2023-09 requires disclosure of disaggregated income taxes paid in both U.S. and foreign jurisdictions, prescribes standard categories for the components of the effective tax rate reconciliation and modifies other income tax-related disclosures. ASU 2023-09 is effective for the Company’s fiscal year ending December 31, 2025. Early adoption is permitted and the amendments in this update should be applied on a prospective basis, though retrospective adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this guidance on its consolidated financial statements.

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses. ASU 2024-03 requires a public business entity ("PBE") to disclose, on an annual and interim basis, additional information about certain costs and expenses in the notes to financial statements. Specifically, in a tabular disclosure, the amounts of (a) purchases of inventory; (b) employee compensation; (c) depreciation; (d) intangible asset amortization; and (e) depreciation, depletion, and amortization recognized as part of oil- and gas-producing activities (or other amounts of depletion expense) included in each relevant expense caption. Within the same tabular disclosure, a PBE is required to include certain expense, gain, or loss amounts that are already required to be disclosed under U.S. GAAP. Additionally, a PBE is required to disclose a qualitative description of the amounts remaining in relevant expense captions that are not separately disaggregated quantitatively. The guidance also requires a PBE to disclose the total amount of selling expenses and, in annual reporting periods, an entity's definition of selling expenses. Effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and for interim periods beginning after December 15, 2027. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of the adoption on its financial statement disclosures.

Investments (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
Investments (Details) - USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Schedule of Investments [Line Items]
Consulting services	$ 0	$ 43,399
Dreev
Schedule of Investments [Line Items]
Company's equity ownership, percent	5.00%

- Definition

Line items represent financial concepts included in a table. These concepts are used to disclose reportable information associated with domain members defined in one or many axes to the table.

+ References

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+ Details

Intangible Assets

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]

Intangible Assets

At both December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company had recorded a gross intangible asset balance of $2,091,556, which is related to patent and intangible property rights acquired. Amortization expense of intangible assets were $139,437 for each of the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023. Accumulated amortization totaled $1,028,790 and $889,353 at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

The net amount of intangible assets of $1,062,766 at December 31, 2024, will be amortized over the weighted average remaining life of 7.8 years.

Total estimated future amortization expense is as follows:


2025	$	139,437
2026	137,770
2027	132,770
2028	132,770
2029	132,770
Thereafter	387,249
	$	1,062,766

Share-Based Compensation - Schedule of stock option activity (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Shares
Granted (in shares)	0
2010 Plan
Shares
Beginning balance (in Shares)	1,916
Granted (in shares)	0
Exercised (in Shares)	0
Forfeited (in Shares)	0
Expired/Cancelled (in Shares)	0
Ending balance (in Shares)	1,916	1,916
Options exercisable (in Shares)	1,916
Options vested (in Shares)	1,916
Weighted- Average Exercise Price per Share($)
Beginning balance (in Dollars per share)	$ 1,033.98
Granted (in Dollars per share)	0
Exercised (in Dollars per share)	0
Forfeited (in Dollars per share)	0
Expired/Cancelled (in Dollars per share)	0
Ending balance (in Dollars per share)	1,033.98	$ 1,033.98
Options exercisable (in dollars per share)	1,033.98
Options vested (in Dollars per share)	$ 1,033.98
Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Term (Years)
Outstanding, weighted-average remaining contractual term	2 years 6 months 14 days	3 years 6 months 10 days
Options exercisable, weighted average remaining contractual term	2 years 6 months 14 days
Options vested, weighted average remaining contractual term	2 years 6 months 14 days
Aggregate Intrinsic Value($)
Outstanding	$ 0	$ 0
Exercisable	0
Vested	$ 0
2020 Plan
Shares
Beginning balance (in Shares)	4,931
Granted (in shares)	0
Exercised (in Shares)	0
Forfeited (in Shares)	(100)
Expired/Cancelled (in Shares)	(88)
Ending balance (in Shares)	4,743	4,931
Options exercisable (in Shares)	3,415
Options vested (in Shares)	3,415
Weighted- Average Exercise Price per Share($)
Beginning balance (in Dollars per share)	$ 3,773.62
Granted (in Dollars per share)	0
Exercised (in Dollars per share)	0
Forfeited (in Dollars per share)	618.64
Expired/Cancelled (in Dollars per share)	1,900.59
Ending balance (in Dollars per share)	3,874.89	$ 3,773.62
Options exercisable (in dollars per share)	5,024.23
Options vested (in Dollars per share)	$ 5,024.23
Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Term (Years)
Outstanding, weighted-average remaining contractual term	6 years 8 months 4 days	7 years 10 months 28 days
Granted, weighted-average remaining contractual term	0 years
Options exercisable, weighted average remaining contractual term	6 years 4 months 20 days
Options vested, weighted average remaining contractual term	6 years 4 months 20 days
Aggregate Intrinsic Value($)
Outstanding	$ 0	$ 0
Exercisable	0
Vested	$ 0

Stockholders’ Equity

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Stockholders' Equity Note [Abstract]

Stockholders’ Equity

Reverse Stock Split

The Reverse Stock Splits did not affect the number of authorized shares of the Company's common stock or the par value of the common stock. Following the January 2024 Reverse Stock Split's effectiveness on January 19, 2024, all references in the consolidated financial statements to number of shares of common stock issued or outstanding, price per share and weighted average number of shares outstanding prior to the 1- for - 40 reverse split have been adjusted to reflect the stock split on a retroactive basis as of the earliest period presented.

Additionally, at the Company’s Annual Meeting of Stockholders held on September 9, 2024, the Company’s stockholders approved a proposal to authorize a reverse stock split of the Company’s common stock, and the Board approved a 1-for-10 reverse split ratio for the September 2024 Reverse Stock Split, which became effective September 17, 2024. Therefore, in addition to the January Reverse Stock Split, following the September 2024 Reverse Stock Split's effectiveness on September 17, 2024, all references in the consolidated financial statements to number of common shares issued or outstanding, price per share and weighted average number of shares outstanding prior to the 1- for - 10 September 2024 Reverse Stock Split have been adjusted to reflect the stock split on a retroactive basis as of the earliest period presented.

No fractional shares were issued in connection with the reverse stock splits and each fractional share resulting from the reverse stock splits were rounded up to the next whole share. As a result of the reverse stock split, 192,222 additional shares of common stock were issued in lieu of fractional shares.

Authorized Shares

As of December 31, 2024, the Company has authorized two classes of stock to be designated, respectively, common stock, and preferred stock. The total number of shares of all classes of capital stock which the Company has authority to issue is 101,000,000, of which 100,000,000 authorized shares are Common Stock with a par value of $0.0001 per share (“Common Stock”), and 1,000,000 authorized shares are Preferred Stock of the par value of $0.0001 per share (“Preferred Stock”).

On February 21, 2025, the shareholders of the Company, in a special election approved an amendment of the Company’s Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation to increase the total number of authorized Common Stock from 100,000,000 shares to 200,000,000 shares.

Preferred Stock

The Board of Directors is expressly granted authority to issue shares of the Preferred Stock, in one or more series, and to fix for each such series such voting powers, full or limited, and such designations, preferences and relative, participating, optional or other special rights and such qualifications, limitations or restrictions thereof as shall be stated and expressed in the resolution or resolutions adopted by the Board of Directors providing for the issue of such series (a “Preferred Stock Designation”) and as may be permitted by the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware. The number of authorized shares of Preferred Stock may be increased or decreased (but not below the number of shares thereof then outstanding) by the affirmative vote of the holders of a majority of the voting power of all of the then outstanding shares of the capital stock of the Corporation entitled to vote generally in the election of directors, voting together as a single class, without a separate vote of the holders of the Preferred Stock, or any series thereof, unless a vote of any such holders is required pursuant to any Preferred Stock Designation. No preferred stock of Nuvve Holding have been issued and or are outstanding.

Common Stock

General: The voting, dividend, liquidation, conversion, and stock split rights of the holders of the Common Stock are subject to and qualified by the rights of the holders of the Preferred Stock of any series as may be designated by the Board of Directors upon any issuance of the Preferred Stock of any series. The number of authorized shares of Common Stock may be increased or decreased (but not below the number of shares thereof then outstanding) by the affirmative vote of the holders of a majority of the stock of the Company entitled to vote.

Voting: Each holder of Common Stock shall be entitled to one vote for each share of Common Stock held by such holder. Each holder of Common Stock shall be entitled to notice of any stockholders’ meeting in accordance with the Bylaws of the

Company (as in effect at the time in question) (the “Bylaws”) and applicable law on all matters put to a vote of the stockholders of the Company.

Dividends: Subject to the rights of any holders of any shares of Preferred Stock which may from time to time come into existence and be outstanding, the holders of Common Stock shall be entitled to the payment of dividends when and as declared

by the Board of Directors in accordance with applicable law and to receive other distributions from the Company. Any dividends declared by the Board of Directors to the holders of the then outstanding shares of Common Stock shall be paid to the holders thereof pro rata in accordance with the number of shares of Common Stock held by each such holder as of the record date of such dividend.

Liquidation: Subject to the rights of any holders of any shares of Preferred Stock which may from time to time come into existence and be outstanding, in the event of any liquidation, dissolution, or winding up of the Corporation, whether voluntary or involuntary, the funds and assets of the Corporation that may be legally distributed to the Corporation’s stockholders shall be distributed among the holders of the then outstanding shares of Common Stock pro rata in accordance with the number of shares of Common Stock held by each such holder.

February 2024 Public Offering

On January 31, 2024, the Company entered into an underwriting agreement (the “Underwriting Agreement”) with Craig-Hallum Capital Group LLC (“Craig-Hallum”) regarding an underwritten public offering of our securities (the “Offering”). The Offering was conducted pursuant to our Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed with the SEC, which was declared effective as of January 31, 2024. On February 2, 2024, the Company completed the Offering for gross proceeds of approximately $9.6 million prior to deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and offering expenses. Craig-Hallum received underwriting discounts and commissions equal to 7.0% of the gross proceeds of the Offering, and is further entitled to receive 7.0% of the gross proceeds received by us in connection with the exercise of any of the outstanding Series B Warrants issued in the Offering.

As noted above, on January 31, 2024, we entered into an Underwriting Agreement regarding the Offering which was comprised of the following:

1.303,500 shares of common stock;

2.176,500 pre-funded warrants (“Pre-Funded Warrants”) to purchase shares of common stock;

3.480,000 Series A Warrants (“Series A Warrants”) to purchase shares of common stock, with an initial exercise price of $20.00 per share and a term of five years following the issuance date;

4.480,000 Series B Warrants (“Series B Warrants”) to purchase shares of common stock with an exercise price of $20.00 per share and a term of nine months following the issuance date; and

5.480,000 Series C Warrants (“Series C Warrants”) to purchase shares of common stock with an exercise price of $20.00 per share and a term of five years following the issuance date, subject to early expiration as described below.

Each share of common stock and Pre-Funded Warrant issued in the Offering was accompanied by a Series A Warrant to purchase one share of common stock, a Series B Warrant to purchase one share of common stock and a Series C Warrant to purchase one share of common stock. The combined price per share of common stock and the accompanying Series A Warrant, Series B Warrant and Series C Warrant was $20.00. The combined price per share of each Pre-Funded Warrant and accompanying Series A Warrant, Series B Warrant, and Series C Warrant was equal to $19.9990, and the exercise price of each Pre-Funded Warrant is $0.0001 per share. The Series C Warrants may only be exercised to the extent and in proportion to a holder of the Series C Warrants exercising its Series B Warrants, and are subject to an early expiration of nine months, in proportion and only to the extent any Series C Warrants expire unexercised. In addition, we granted Craig-Hallum warrants to purchase up to 48,000 shares of common stock (the “Underwriter Warrants”) at an exercise price of $20.00 per share. The Underwriter Warrants have a term of five years and are immediately exercisable, provided that 24,000 of the shares of common stock underlying the Underwriter Warrants shall only be exercisable pro rata upon the exercise of the Series B Warrants issued in the Offering. The Company recorded a loss on warrants issued of $305,065 on the date of issuance, which is the excess amount of fair value of the warrants issued over the net proceeds received, and presented in the consolidated statements of operations in "Other, net”.

Shelf Registration, At the Market Offering and Registered Direct Offering

On April 25, 2022, the Company filed a shelf registration statement (the "Registration Statement") with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) which will allow it to issue unspecified amounts of common stock, preferred stock, warrants for the purchase of shares of common stock or preferred stock, debt securities, and units consisting of any combination of any of the foregoing securities, in one or more series, from time to time and in one or more offerings up to a total dollar amount of $100.0 million. The shelf registration statement was declared effective on May 5, 2022. The Company was able to raise capital by issuing securities pursuant to its effective shelf registration statement.

2023 ATM Offering Program

On January 31, 2023, the Company entered into an At the Market Offering Agreement (the “ATM Agreement”) with Craig-Hallum Capital Group LLC (“Craig-Hallum”), as the sales agent (the “Agent”), pursuant to which the Company may offer and

sell, from time to time through the Agent, shares of its common stock (the “Shares”), having an aggregate offering price of up to $25,000,000. The Company paid the Agent a commission of 3.0% of the aggregate gross sales prices of the Shares. The Company reimbursed the Agent for fees and disbursements of its legal counsel in the amount of $50,000. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company sold 3,780 shares of common stock pursuant to the ATM Agreement at an average price of $256.00 per share for aggregate net proceeds of approximately $0.9 million. Effective October 16, 2023, the Company and the Agent agreed to terminate the ATM Agreement.

February 2023 Registered Direct Offering

On February 17, 2023, the Company entered into a subscription agreement with a certain institutional and accredited investor, relating to the issuance and sale of 1,359 shares of common stock in a registered direct offering (the “February 2023 Offering”). The offering price for the shares was $368.00 per share of common stock. The closing of the February 2023 Offering occurred on February 21, 2023. The aggregate gross proceeds from the February 2023 Offering was approximately $0.5 million. Chardan Capital Markets LLC acted as the placement agent for the February 2023 Offering and received a sales commission of 6.0% of the gross proceeds.

April 2023 Registered Direct Offering

On April 14, 2023, the Company entered into a subscription agreement with a certain institutional and accredited investor, relating to the issuance and sale of 4,545 shares of common stock in a registered direct offering (the “April 2023 Offering”). The offering price for the shares was $220.00 per share of common stock. The closing of the April 2023 Offering occurred on April 17, 2023. The aggregate gross proceeds from the April 2023 Offering was approximately $1.0 million. Chardan Capital Markets LLC acted as the placement agent for the April 2023 Offering and received a sales commission of 6.0% of the gross proceeds.

June 2023 Registered Direct Offering

On June 6, 2023, the Company entered into a subscription agreement with a certain institutional and accredited investor, relating to the issuance and sale of 6,231 shares of common stock in a registered direct offering (the “June 2023 Offering”). The offering price for the shares was $160.00 per share of common stock. The closing of the June 2023 Offering occurred on June 6, 2023. The aggregate gross proceeds from the June 2023 Offering was approximately $1.0 million. Chardan Capital Markets LLC acted as the placement agent for the June 2023 Offering and received a sales commission of 6.0% of the gross proceeds.

October 2023 Offerings

On October 18, 2023, the Company entered into a marketed offering relating to the issuance and sale of 17,857 shares of its common stock. The offering price for the shares was $56.00 per share of common stock. The closing of the offering occurred on October 20, 2023. The aggregate gross proceeds from the market offering was approximately $1.0 million. Aegis Capital Corp acted as the underwriting agent of offering and received underwriting discounts and commissions equal to 7.0% of the gross proceeds. In addition, the Company granted Aegis Capital Corp. a 45-day option to purchase up to 267,857 of additional shares of common stock, less underwriting discounts and commissions solely to cover over-allotments. On October 20, 2023, Aegis exercised the option to purchase over-allotments shares of 1,993 at offering price of $56.00 per share. The aggregate gross proceeds from the exercise of over-allotments shares was approximately $0.1 million. Aegis Capital Corp received underwriting discounts and commissions equal to 7.0% of the gross proceeds of the exercise of the over-allotment option.

On October 25, 2023 the Company entered into a definitive agreement with a single institutional investor for the purchase and sale of 34,432 shares of common stock and pre-funded warrants to acquire shares of common stock in a registered direct offering. The purchase price of each share was $60.00 per share. The purchase price for the pre-funded warrants is equivalent to the purchase price for the shares, less the exercise price of $0.0001. The aggregate gross proceeds to the Company was approximately $2.1 million. The transaction closed on October 27, 2023, and was subject to the satisfaction of customary closing conditions.

Securities Purchase Agreement, Pre-Funded Warrants and Warrants

On July 27, 2022, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement (the “Purchase Agreement”) with a certain institutional and accredited investor (the “Purchaser”), relating to the issuance and sale of 5,375 shares (the “Shares”) of common stock (the “Common Stock”), pre-funded warrants to purchase an aggregate of 4,625 shares of Common Stock (the “Pre-Funded Warrants”), and warrants (the “July 2022 Warrants”) to purchase an aggregate of 10,000 shares of Common Stock in a registered direct offering (the “July 2022 Offering”). The offering closed on July 29, 2022.

The offering price for the Shares, and accompanying July 2022 Warrants, was $1,400.00 per Share and the offering price for the Pre-Funded Warrants, and accompanying was $1,399.96 per Pre-Funded Warrant, which represents the per Share public offering price less $0.040 per share exercise price for each Pre-Funded Warrant. Each Pre-Funded Warrant has an exercise price of $0.040 per share of common stock, subject to adjustment for stock splits, reverse stock splits, stock dividends and similar transactions. The July 2022 Warrants have an exercise price of $1,500.00 per share of common stock, subject to adjustment for stock splits, reverse stock splits, stock dividends and similar transactions, and each July 2022 Warrant is exercisable for one share of Common Stock. The July 2022 Warrants are exercisable beginning six months from the date of issuance and the Pre-Funded Warrants are be exercisable immediately upon issuance. The Pre-Funded Warrants terminate when fully exercised and the July 2022 Warrants terminate five years from the initial exercisability date. The aggregate gross proceeds to the Company from the July 2022 Offering were approximately $14.0 million and net proceeds were approximately $13.1 million, excluding the proceeds, if any, from the exercise of the Pre-Funded Warrants and the Warrants. The Company used the net proceeds from the July 2022 Offering for working capital and general corporate purposes. The fair values of the Pre-Funded warrants are recorded in the consolidated balance sheets in additional-paid-in capital in stockholders' equity as the Pre-Funded warrants are indexed to the Company’s common stock and meet the conditions for equity classification. The Warrants are recorded as a liability in the consolidated balance sheet at fair value, with changes in fair value recorded in the consolidated statement of operations. See Note 4 for details of changes in fair value of the unvested warrants recorded in the consolidated statement of operations.

Craig-Hallum Capital Group LLC (the “Placement Agent”) was the exclusive placement agent for the July 2022 Offering.

The July 2022 Offering was made pursuant to the Registration Statement, a base prospectus included as part of the registration statement, and a final prospectus supplement filed with the SEC on July 28, 2022, pursuant to Rule 424(b) under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended.

Placement Agency Agreement

In connection with the July 2022 Offering, the Company also entered into a Placement Agency Agreement with the Placement Agent. Pursuant to the Placement Agency Agreement, the Company paid to the Placement Agent a fee equal to 6.0% of the gross proceeds received by the Company in the July 2022 Offering in the form of cash.

Warrants - Stonepeak and Evolve

On May 17, 2021, in connection with the signing of a letter of agreement, relating to the formation of Levo (the "Letter Agreement"), the Company issued to Stonepeak and Evolve ten years warrants to purchase common stock (allocated 90% to Stonepeak and 10% to Evolve). See below for details. The grant-date fair value of the warrants issued to Stonepeak and Evolve were: series B $12.8 million, series C $5.6 million, series D $4.8 million, series E $3.8 million and series F $3.2 million. The fair values of the vested warrants are recorded in the consolidated balance sheets in additional-paid-in capital in stockholders' equity as the warrants are indexed to the Company’s common stock and meet the conditions for equity classification. The unvested warrants are recorded as a liability in the consolidated balance sheet at fair value, with changes in fair value recorded in the consolidated statement of operations as the unvested warrants are deemed not to be indexed to the Company’s common stock. See Note 4 for details.

•Series B warrants to purchase 5,000 shares of the Company’s common stock, at an exercise price of $4,000.00 per share, which are fully vested upon issuance,

•Series C warrants to purchase 2,500 shares of the Company’s common stock, at an exercise price of $6,000.00 per share, which are vested as to 50% of the shares upon issuance and vest as to the remaining 50% when Levo has entered into contracts with third parties for $125 million in aggregate capital expenditures,

•Series D warrants to purchase 2,500 shares of the Company’s common stock, at an exercise price of $8,000.00 per share, which are vested as to 50% of the shares upon issuance and vest as to the remaining 50% when Levo has entered into contracts with third parties for $250 million in aggregate capital expenditures,

•Series E warrants to purchase 2,500 shares of the Company’s common stock, at an exercise price of $12,000.00 per share, which are vested as to 50% of the shares upon issuance and vest as to the remaining 50% when Levo has entered into contracts with third parties for $375 million in aggregate capital expenditures, and

•Series F warrants to purchase 2,500 shares of the Company’s common stock, at an exercise price of $16,000.00 per share, which are vested as to 50% of the shares upon issuance and vest as to the remaining 50% when Levo has entered into contracts with third parties for $500 million in aggregate capital expenditures.

The warrants may be exercised at any time on or after the date that is 180 days after the applicable vesting date.

In connection with, and pursuant to Stonepeak and Evolve's sale of their combined interest in Levo to the Company (See Note 1), the Company became the 100% owner of Levo, and the warrants issued to Stonepeak and Evolve were cancelled. See the warrants summary table below.

Securities Purchase Agreement

On May 17, 2021, in connection with the signing of a Letter Agreement relating to the formation of a venture, Levo, the Company entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement with Stonepeak and Evolve which provides them from time to time between November 13, 2021 and November 17, 2028, with the option in their sole discretion, to purchase up to an aggregate of $250 million in shares of the Company’s common stock at a purchase price of $20,000.00 per share (allocated 90% to Stonepeak and 10% to Evolve). The grant-date fair value of the options to purchase shares of the Company’s common stock was $12.6 million, and is recorded in the consolidated balance sheets as equity in additional-paid-in capital, as it is indexed to the Company’s common stock and meets the conditions for equity classification.

In connection with the signing of the Letter Agreement, as reference above, the Company also entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement (the “SPA”) and a Registration Rights Agreement (the “RRA”) with Stonepeak and Evolve. The SPA includes customary representations and warranties and closing conditions and customary indemnification provisions. In addition, Stonepeak and Evolve may elect to purchase shares under the SPA on a cashless basis in the event of a change of control of the Company.

In connection with, and pursuant to Stonepeak and Evolve's sale of their combined interest in Levo to the Company (See Note 1), the Company became the 100% owner of Levo, and the SPA issued to Stonepeak and Evolve were cancelled.

Warrants - Public and Private

In connection with its initial public offering on February 19, 2020, Newborn sold 14,375 units, which included one warrant to purchase Newborn’s common stock (the “Public Warrants”). Also, on February 19, 2020, NeoGenesis Holding Co., Ltd., Newborn’s sponsor (“the Sponsor”), purchased an aggregate of 681 private units, each of which included one warrant (the “Private Warrants”), which have the same terms as the Public Warrants. Upon completion of the merger between Nuvve and Newborn, the Public Warrants and Private Warrants were automatically converted to warrants to purchase Common Stock of the Company.

Each of the Public Warrants and Private Warrants entitles the holder to purchase one-half of a share of Nuvve’s Common Stock at a price of $4,600.00 per share. The term of the warrants commenced on March 19, 2021, the date of completion of the Business Combination, and expire on March 19, 2026. The Company may redeem the Public Warrants at a price of $4.00 per warrant upon 30 days’ notice, only in the event that the last sale price of the ordinary shares is at least $6,600.00 per share for any 20 trading days within a 30-trading day period ending on the third day prior to the date on which notice of redemption is given, provided there is an effective registration statement and current prospectus in effect with respect to the ordinary shares underlying such Warrants during the 30 day redemption period. If the Company decides to redeem the warrants as described above, management will have the option to require all holders that wish to exercise warrants to do so on a “cashless basis.”

The terms of the Private Warrants are identical to the Public Warrants as described above, except that the Private Warrants are not redeemable so long as they are held by the Sponsor or its permitted transferees. Concurrently with the execution of the Merger Agreement, on November 11, 2020, Newborn entered into subscription agreements with certain accredited investors pursuant to which the investors agreed to purchase 35,625 of Newborn’s common stock, at a purchase price of $400.00 per share, for an aggregate purchase price of $14,250,000 (the PIPE). Upon closing of the PIPE immediately prior to the closing of the Business Combination, the PIPE investors also received 1.9 PIPE Warrants to purchase the Company’s Common Stock for each share of Common Stock purchased. The PIPE Warrants are each exercisable for one-half of a common share at $4,600.00 per share and have the same terms as described above for the Public Warrants. The PIPE investors received demand and piggyback registration rights in connection with the securities issued to them.

Because the Private Warrants have dissimilar terms with respect to the Company’s redemption rights depending on the holder of the Private Warrants, the Company determined that the Private Warrants are required to be carried as a liability in the consolidated balance sheet at fair value, with changes in fair value recorded in the consolidated statement of operations. The Private Warrant is reflected as a liability in the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, and the change in the fair value of the Private Warrant for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 in the consolidated statements of operations. See Note 4 for details of changes in fair value of the Private Warrants recorded in the consolidated statement of operations.

In conjunction with the issuance of December 31, 2024 Term Loan and October Notes (see Note 11), the Company issued to the investors private warrants to purchase an aggregate of 85,287 and 1,102,295 shares of Common Stock, respectively, at an exercise price of $3.26 and $3.78 per share, respectively. The private warrants are reflected as a liabilities in the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2024, and the change in the fair value of the private warrants for the year ended December 31, 2024 in the consolidated statements of operations. See Note 4 for details of changes in fair value of the private warrants recorded in the consolidated statement of operations.

The following table is a summary of the number of shares of the Company’s Common Stock issuable upon exercise of warrants outstanding at December 31, 2024:


	Number of Warrants	Number of Warrants Exercised	Number of Warrants Canceled	Number of Warrants Exercisable	Exercise Price	Expiration Date
Public Warrants	7,188	—	—	7,188	$4,600.00	March 19, 2026
Private Warrants - February 2020	341	—	—	341	$4,600.00	March 19, 2026
PIPE Warrants	3,384	—	—	3,384	$4,600.00	March 19, 2026
Private Pre-Funded Warrants - July 2024	60,000	60,000	—	—	$0.0010	Until Exercised in Full
Stonepeak/Evolve Warrants - series B	5,000	—	5,000	—	$4,000.00	May 17, 2031
Stonepeak/Evolve Warrants - series C	2,500	—	2,500	—	$6,000.00	May 17, 2031
Stonepeak/Evolve Warrants - series D	2,500	—	2,500	—	$8,000.00	May 17, 2031
Stonepeak/Evolve Warrants - series E	2,500	—	2,500	—	$12,000.00	May 17, 2031
Stonepeak/Evolve Warrants - series F	2,500	—	2,500	—	$16,000.00	May 17, 2031

2022 July Institutional/Accredited Investor Warrants	10,000	—	—	10,000	$1,500.00	January 29, 2028
Underwriter Warrants - February 2024 offering	48,000	—	22,500	25,500	$20.00	February 2, 2029
2024 February Institutional/Accredited Investor Pre-Funded Warrants	57,500	57,500	—	—	$0.0010	February 2, 2029
2024 February Institutional/Accredited Investor Warrants - series A	480,000	—	—	480,000	$20.00	February 2, 2029
2024 February Institutional/Accredited Investor Warrants - series B	480,000	30,000	450,000	—	$20.00	November 2, 2024
2024 February Institutional/Accredited Investor Warrants - series C	480,000	—	450,000	30,000	$20.00	February 2, 2029
2024 October Institutional/Accredited Investor Warrants	1,102,295	—	—	1,102,295	$3.78	October 31, 2029
2024 December Institutional/Accredited Investor Warrants	85,287	—	—	85,287	$3.26	December 31, 2029
	2,828,995	147,500	937,500	1,743,995

Unit Purchase Option

On February 19, 2020, Newborn sold to the underwriters of its initial public offering for $100, a unit purchase option ("UPO") to purchase up to a total of 791 units at $4,600.00 per unit (or an aggregate exercise price of $3,636,875) commencing on the date of Newborn's initial business combination, March 19, 2021, and expiring February 13, 2025. Each unit issuable upon exercise of the UPO consists of one and one-tenth of a share of the Company's common stock and one warrant to purchase one share of the Company's common stock at the exercise price of $4,600.00 per share. The warrant has the same terms as the Public Warrant. In no event will the Company be required to net cash settle the exercise of the UPO or the warrants underlying the UPO. The holders of the unit purchase option have demand and "piggy back" registration rights for periods of five and seven years, respectively, from the effective date of the IPO, including securities directly and indirectly issuable upon exercise of the unit purchase option. The UPO is classified within stockholders’ equity in the consolidated balance sheets as “additional paid-in capital” in accordance with ASC 815-40, Derivatives and Hedging-Contracts in an Entity’s Own Equity, as the UPO is indexed to the Company’s common stock and meets the conditions for equity classification.

Treasury Stock

The Company's Board of Directors authorizes repurchases of Common Stock from time to time. These authorizations give management discretion in determining the timing and conditions under which shares may be repurchased. This repurchase program does not have an expiration date.

The share repurchase activity pursuant to this authorization is as follows:


	As of December 31,
	2024		2023
Shares repurchased	1,680		—
Average purchase price per share	$	0.0001	$	—
Amount spent on repurchased shares	$	0.17	$	—
Aggregate Board of Directors repurchase authorizations during the period	$	1,680	$	—

The purchase of treasury stock reduces the number of shares outstanding. The repurchased shares may be used by the Company for compensation programs utilizing the Company's stock and other corporate purposes. The Company accounts for treasury stock using the cost method and includes treasury stock as a component of stockholders' equity

- Definition

The entire disclosure for equity.

+ References

Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 505
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-Section 50
-Paragraph 13
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Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 505
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-Paragraph 13
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Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
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-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147481112/505-10-50-14

Reference 4: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
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-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147477968/946-235-50-2

Reference 5: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 946
-SubTopic 235
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 2
-Subparagraph (d)
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147477968/946-235-50-2

Reference 6: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 946
-SubTopic 505
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
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-Paragraph 6
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147478448/946-505-50-6

Reference 7: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
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-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
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-Subparagraph (a)
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147480237/815-40-50-6

Reference 8: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 505
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-Name Accounting Standards Codification
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-Paragraph 1
-Subparagraph (SX 210.3-04)
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147480008/505-10-S99-1

Reference 9: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 235
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section S99
-Paragraph 1
-Subparagraph (SX 210.4-08(e)(1))
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147480678/235-10-S99-1

Reference 10: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef
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-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/505/tableOfContent

Reference 11: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 505
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-Name Accounting Standards Codification
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-Paragraph 13
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147481112/505-10-50-13

Reference 12: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 505
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-Section 50
-Paragraph 13
-Subparagraph (g)
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-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147481112/505-10-50-13

Reference 13: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 505
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 13
-Subparagraph (i)
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147481112/505-10-50-13

Reference 14: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 505
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 14
-Subparagraph (a)
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147481112/505-10-50-14

Reference 15: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 505
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-Name Accounting Standards Codification
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-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147481112/505-10-50-14

Reference 16: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 505
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Reference 17: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
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Reference 18: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
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-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
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-Subparagraph (b)
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147481112/505-10-50-18

Reference 19: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 505
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-Paragraph 18
-Subparagraph (d)
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147481112/505-10-50-18

+ Details

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS - USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Operating activities
Net loss	$ (17,426,412)	$ (31,296,787)
Adjustments to reconcile to net loss to net cash used in operating activities
Depreciation and amortization	337,971	396,210
Share-based compensation	2,620,127	4,107,634
Change in fair value of warrants liability	(3,263,697)	(216,263)
Change in fair value of convertible notes	(444,656)	0
Change in fair value of derivative liability	3,626	(49,497)
Loss on warrants issuance	305,065	0
Loss on disposal of asset	0	862
Amortization of discount on debt and promissory notes	87,222	0
Gains from the sale of investments securities	0	(325,155)
Noncash lease expense	357,118	476,208
Change in operating assets and liabilities
Accounts receivable	(148,299)	(634,432)
Inventory	1,297,551	5,445,390
Prepaid expenses and other assets	1,506,991	(447,604)
Accounts payable	196,413	(696,098)
Accrued expenses and other liabilities	(1,422,380)	2,191,845
Deferred revenue	259,026	(206,641)
Net cash used in operating activities	(15,734,334)	(21,254,328)
Investing activities
Purchase of property and equipment	(45,395)	(188,433)
Proceeds from sale of investments in equity securities	0	1,325,155
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities	(45,395)	1,136,722
Financing activities
Proceeds from debt and promissory notes obligations, net of issuance costs	6,470,500	0
Repayment of debt and promissory notes obligations	(654,655)	0
Payment of finance lease obligations	(10,074)	(8,140)
Proceeds from exercise of warrants	155,060	0
Proceeds from Direct Offering of common stock, net of offering costs	0	4,986,300
Proceeds from common stock offering, net of offering costs	8,502,086	884,586
Net cash provided by financing activities	14,462,917	5,862,746
Effect of exchange rate on cash	(6,351)	35,624
Net decrease in cash and restricted cash	(1,323,163)	(14,219,236)
Cash and restricted cash at beginning of year	2,014,660	16,233,896
Cash and restricted cash at end of year	691,497	2,014,660
Supplemental Disclosure of cash information:
Cash paid for interest	563,345	0
Cash paid for income taxes	1,600	0
Supplemental Disclosure of Noncash Investing Activity
Transfer of inventory to property and equipment	$ 0	$ 216,988

Reportable Segment and Significant Segment Expenses- Schedule of Significant Segment Expenses (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Total revenue	$ 5,286,229	$ 8,332,162
Selling, general, and administrative expense:
Total selling, general, and administrative expense	17,671,110	24,694,693
Research and development expense:
Total research and development expense	4,540,993	8,761,400
Total other income, net	3,035,619	810,088
Income tax expense	1,600	1,600
Net loss	(17,426,412)	(31,296,787)
Reportable Segment
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Total revenue	5,286,229	8,332,162
Cost of sales	3,534,557	6,981,344
Selling, general, and administrative expense:
Employee compensation and benefits	9,131,879	12,776,234
Consultants	15,668	130,751
Marketing	543,162	772,433
Rent	1,000,084	1,049,801
Professional fees	955,263	2,538,712
Legal	791,006	1,539,900
Insurance (excluding health & D&O)	200,239	208,490
IT Expense	1,482,641	678,037
Travel	217,070	451,898
Office Meal and Employee Reimbursement	78,233	152,614
Dues & Subscriptions	350,648	419,444
Repairs and Maintenance	(10,581)	22,163
Office Supplies	5,517	29,682
Telephone	8,945	7,729
Utilities.	44,864	42,647
Depreciation & Amortization	337,971	388,561
Bank charges	27,462	27,932
Public Co Fees	2,614,414	3,076,063
Other	(123,375)	381,604
Total selling, general, and administrative expense	17,671,110	24,694,693
Research and development expense:
Employee compensation and benefits	1,836,371	3,135,999
Consultants	1,629,718	3,527,315
Marketing	0	127
License fees	764,097	988,308
Legal	128,473	330,868
IT Expense	52,963	591,211
Travel	47,948	99,469
Office Meal and Employee Reimbursement	14,004	25,102
Repairs and Maintenance	61,558	56,588
Bank charges	5,642	6,280
Other	218	133
Total research and development expense	4,540,993	8,761,400
Total other income, net	3,035,619	810,088
Income tax expense	1,600	1,600
Net loss	$ (17,426,412)	$ (31,296,787)

Leases - Lease term, discount rate, and other information (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Weighted-average remaining lease terms (in years):
Operating lease	6 years 8 months 12 days	7 years 9 months 18 days
Finance lease	1 year 3 months 18 days	2 years 6 months
Weighted-average discount rate:
Operating lease	7.80%	7.80%
Finance lease	7.80%	7.80%
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities:
Operating cash flows from operating leases	$ 357,118	$ 476,208
Operating cash flows from finance leases related to interest expense	1,180	1,801
Financing cash flows from finance leases	10,074	8,140
Leased assets obtained in exchange for new finance lease liabilities	6,890	13,154
Leased assets obtained in exchange for new operating lease liabilities	$ 0	$ 0

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY - USD ($)	Total	Common Stock	Treasury Stock	Additional Paid-in Capital	Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)	Accumulated Deficit	Non-controlling Interests
Balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2022		60,680
Balances at Dec. 31, 2022	$ 23,245,400	$ 2,427	$ 0	$ 144,073,505	$ 76,182	$ (116,956,528)	$ (3,950,186)
Balance treasury stock (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2022			0
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Exercise of stock options and vesting of restricted stock units (in shares)		5,047
Exercise of stock options and vesting of restricted stock units	1,215,969	$ 203		1,215,766
Share-based compensation	4,459,102			4,459,102
Proceeds from common stock offering, net of offering costs (in shares)		3,780
Proceeds from common stock offering, net of offering costs	884,586	$ 150		884,436
Proceeds from Direct Offering, net of offering costs (in shares)		42,901
Proceeds from Direct Offering, net of offering costs	4,986,300	$ 2,657		4,983,643
Accretion on redeemable non-controlling interests preferred shares	(645,864)						(645,864)
Preferred dividends - non-controlling interest	(285,595)						(285,595)
Issuance of Common Shares related to Warrants (in shares)		12,250
Issuance of Common Shares related to Warrants	0	$ 490		(490)
Currency translation adjustment	17,494				17,494
Net loss	$ (31,296,787)					(31,284,331)	(12,456)
Balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2023	124,659	124,659
Balance at Dec. 31, 2023	$ 2,580,605	$ 5,927	$ 0	155,615,962	93,676	(148,240,859)	(4,894,101)
Balance treasury stock (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2023	0		0
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Common stock reverse split (in shares)		192,222
Exercise of stock options and vesting of restricted stock units (in shares)		18,078
Exercise of stock options and vesting of restricted stock units	$ 0	$ 19		(19)
Share-based compensation	2,620,085			2,620,085
Proceeds from common stock offering, net of offering costs (in shares)		303,500
Proceeds from common stock offering, net of offering costs	5,029,422	$ 304		5,029,118
Issuance of Pre funded Warrants (in shares)		176,490
Issuance of Pre-funded Warrants	108	$ 123		(15)
Proceeds from Direct Offering, net of offering costs (in shares)		0
Proceeds from Direct Offering, net of offering costs	0	$ 0
Purchase of treasury stock (in shares)		(1,680)	(1,680)
Purchase of treasury stock	0
Accretion on redeemable non-controlling interests preferred shares	0
Preferred dividends - non-controlling interest	0
Issuance of Common Shares related to Warrants (in shares)		90,000
Issuance of Common Shares related to Warrants	539,020	$ 35		538,985
Currency translation adjustment	(47,182)				(47,182)
Cancellation of non-controlling interests	5,414,707			481,220		39,386	4,894,101
Net loss	$ (17,426,412)					(17,397,603)	(28,809)
Balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2024	903,269	903,269
Balance at Dec. 31, 2024	$ (1,289,647)	$ 6,408	$ 0	$ 164,285,336	$ 46,494	$ (165,599,076)	$ (28,809)
Balance treasury stock (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2024	1,680		1,680

Intangible Assets - Schedule of estimated future amortization expense amortizable intangible assets (Details)	Dec. 31, 2024 USD ($)
Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]
2025	$ 139,437
2026	137,770
2027	132,770
2028	132,770
2029	132,770
Thereafter	387,249
Total estimated future amortization expense	$ 1,062,766

Insider Trading Policies and Procedures	12 Months Ended
Insider Trading Policies and Procedures	Dec. 31, 2024
Insider Trading Policies and Procedures [Line Items]
Insider Trading Policies and Procedures Adopted	true

Insider Trading Arrangements	3 Months Ended
Insider Trading Arrangements	Dec. 31, 2024
Trading Arrangements, by Individual
Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Adopted	false
Non-Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Adopted	false
Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Terminated	false
Non-Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Terminated	false

Property, Plant, and Equipment

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Property, Plant and Equipment [Abstract]

Property, Plant and Equipment

The following table summarizes the Company’s property, plant and equipment balance:


	Useful Lives			As of December 31,
				2024		2023

Computers & servers	1 year	to	3 years	$	171,977	$	154,337
Vehicles	5 years	to	7 years	65,414		65,577

Office furniture and equipment	3 years	to	5 years	366,323		366,323
DC Chargers (1)	5 years	to	7 years	621,707		598,820
Total				1,225,421		1,185,057
Less: Accumulated Depreciation				(611,463)		(418,793)
Property, plant and equipment, net				$	613,958	$	766,264

				As of December 31,
				2024		2023
Depreciation expense				$	198,534	$	249,123

__________________

(1) Represents DC Chargers temporary loaned out to customers while their DC Chargers are being repaired.

Non-Controlling Interest - Narrative (Details)	12 Months Ended
Non-Controlling Interest - Narrative (Details)	Dec. 31, 2024 USD ($) vesting_installment shares	Dec. 31, 2023 USD ($) shares	Oct. 15, 2024
Noncontrolling Interest [Line Items]
Temporary equity, shares authorized (in Shares) \| shares	1,000,000	1,000,000
Levo Mobility LLC
Noncontrolling Interest [Line Items]
Ownership (percent)			100.00%
Levo Mobility LLC \| Variable Interest Entity
Noncontrolling Interest [Line Items]
Variable interest entity, ownership percentage	51.00%
Levo LLCA
Noncontrolling Interest [Line Items]
Ownership (percent)			100.00%
Selling, general and administrative
Noncontrolling Interest [Line Items]
Compensation expense	$ 2,620,127	$ 4,107,634
Class D Incentive Units
Noncontrolling Interest [Line Items]
Vesting percentage	80.00%
Number of vesting installments \| vesting_installment	4
Percentage of incentive units to be vested	20.00%
Total unrecognized compensation cost related to nonvested restricted stock	$ 0
Class D Incentive Units \| Selling, general and administrative
Noncontrolling Interest [Line Items]
Compensation expense	$ 0	$ 127,134
Class D Incentive Units \| Share-Based Payment Arrangement, All Tranches
Noncontrolling Interest [Line Items]
Vesting percentage	80.00%
Class D Incentive Units \| Share Based Compensation Award Tranche Four
Noncontrolling Interest [Line Items]
Vesting percentage	25.00%
Class D Incentive Units \| Share-Based Payment Arrangement, Tranche Two
Noncontrolling Interest [Line Items]
Vesting percentage	25.00%
Class D Incentive Units \| Share-Based Payment Arrangement, Tranche Three
Noncontrolling Interest [Line Items]
Vesting percentage	25.00%
Class D Incentive Units \| Share-Based Payment Arrangement, Tranche One
Noncontrolling Interest [Line Items]
Vesting percentage	25.00%
Levo Mobility LLC \| Series B Preferred Stock
Noncontrolling Interest [Line Items]
Temporary equity, shares authorized (in Shares) \| shares	0

Revenue Recognition - Schedule of Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Details)	Dec. 31, 2024 USD ($)
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction [Line Items]
Revenue, remaining performance obligation, amount	$ 1,278,243
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction, Start Date [Axis]: 2025-01-01
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction [Line Items]
Revenue, remaining performance obligation, amount	$ 506,496
Revenue, remaining performance obligation, expected timing of satisfaction, period	1 year
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction, Start Date [Axis]: 2026-01-01
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction [Line Items]
Revenue, remaining performance obligation, amount	$ 466,594
Revenue, remaining performance obligation, expected timing of satisfaction, period	1 year
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction, Start Date [Axis]: 2027-01-01
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction [Line Items]
Revenue, remaining performance obligation, amount	$ 154,737
Revenue, remaining performance obligation, expected timing of satisfaction, period	1 year
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction, Start Date [Axis]: 2028-01-01
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction [Line Items]
Revenue, remaining performance obligation, amount	$ 78,250
Revenue, remaining performance obligation, expected timing of satisfaction, period	1 year
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction, Start Date [Axis]: 2029-01-01
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction [Line Items]
Revenue, remaining performance obligation, amount	$ 72,166
Revenue, remaining performance obligation, expected timing of satisfaction, period

Income Taxes

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]

Income Taxes


Income (loss) before taxes includes the following components:
	Years Ended December 31,
	2024		2023
United States	$	(16,425,567)	$	(29,832,486)
Foreign	(999,245)		(1,462,701)
Total income (loss) before income taxes	(17,424,812)		(31,295,187)

Income tax expense is summarized as follows:


	Years Ended December 31,
	2024		2023
Federal	$	—	$	—
State	1,600		1,600
Current income tax expense	1,600		1,600

Federal	—		—
State	—		—
Deferred income tax expense	$	—	$	—

Income tax expense	$	1,600	$	1,600

The reconciliation between the income tax expense and the amount computed by applying the statutory federal tax rate of 21% to loss before taxes is as follows:


	Years Ended December 31,
	2024		2023
Federal income tax benefit at statutory federal tax rate	$	(3,659,211)	$	(6,571,989)
State income tax, net of federal benefit	(792,182)		(1,867,043)


Noncontrolling interest	—		2,616
Stock compensation	516,159		(781,075)
Change in fair value of warrants	(714,690)		(45,415)

Change in valuation allowance	4,335,676		9,298,929
Finance costs	—		(41,391)
Other	315,848		6,968
Income tax expense	$	1,600	$	1,600

Significant components of the Company’s deferred tax assets (liabilities) are as follows:


	Years Ended December 31,
	2024		2023
Equity investment	$	(386,544)	$	(467,463)
Accrued liabilities and other	3,043,132		3,300,936
Right-of-use assets	(1,158,556)		(1,261,194)
Lease liabilities	1,332,754		1,434,002
Research and experimental expenditures	2,678,310		2,689,390
Net operating losses	26,176,691		21,654,440
Net deferred tax assets (liabilities) before valuation allowance	31,685,787		27,350,111
Valuation allowance	(31,685,787)		(27,350,111)
Net deferred tax assets (liabilities)	$	—	$	—

As of December 31, 2024, the Company had federal net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $95,157,000 and state net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $53,231,000. Of the federal net operating loss carryforwards, $3,070,000 will begin to expire in 2034, and the remainder do not expire. The state net operating loss carryforwards will begin to expire in 2034. Pursuant to Internal Revenue Code Sections 382 and 383, use of the Company’s net operating loss and credit carryforwards may be limited if a cumulative change in ownership of more than 50% occurs within any three-year period since the last ownership change. The Company believes that there has not been a change in control under these Sections. However, the Company does not anticipate performing a complete analysis of the limitation on the annual use of the net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards until the time that it projects that it will be able to utilize these tax attributes.

A valuation allowance of $31,685,787 as of December 31, 2024, has been established against the Company’s deferred tax assets as it is more likely than not such assets will not be realized. The valuation allowance increased by $4,335,676 during the year ended December 31, 2024. In assessing if the deferred tax assets will be realized, the Company considers whether it is more likely than not that some or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. In determining whether the deferred taxes are realizable, the Company considers the period of expiration of the tax asset, historical and projected taxable income, and tax liabilities for the tax jurisdiction in which the tax asset is located. Valuation allowances are provided to reduce the amounts of deferred tax assets to an amount that is more likely than not to be realized based on an assessment of positive and negative evidence, including estimates of future taxable income necessary to realize future deductible amounts.

As of December 31, 2024, the Company does not have any unrecognized tax benefits related to various federal and state income tax matters. The Company will recognize accrued interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits in income tax expense. The Company does not anticipate material unrecognized tax benefits within the next 12 months.

The Company is subject to U.S. federal and state income tax as well as income tax in various foreign countries. Due to net operating loss carryforwards from earlier years, the Company’s U.S. income tax returns are open to audit for the years ended December 31, 2014 through 2024. The Company’s foreign income tax returns are open to audit for the years ended December 31, 2018 through 2024.

- Definition

The entire disclosure for income tax.

+ References

Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 740
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 12
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482685/740-10-50-12

Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/exampleRef
-Topic 740
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 55
-Paragraph 231
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482663/740-10-55-231

Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 740
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 12C
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482685/740-10-50-12C

Reference 4: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 740
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 12B
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482685/740-10-50-12B

Reference 5: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 740
-SubTopic 270
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 1
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147477891/740-270-50-1

Reference 6: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 740
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section S99
-Paragraph 1
-Subparagraph (SAB Topic 6.I.5.Q1)
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147479360/740-10-S99-1

Reference 7: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 946
-SubTopic 20
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 13
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147480990/946-20-50-13

Reference 8: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 235
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section S99
-Paragraph 1
-Subparagraph (SX 210.4-08(h)(2))
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147480678/235-10-S99-1

Reference 9: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 740
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/740/tableOfContent

Reference 10: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 740
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 14
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482685/740-10-50-14

Reference 11: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 740
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 21
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482685/740-10-50-21

Reference 12: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 740
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 17
-Subparagraph (b)
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482685/740-10-50-17

Reference 13: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 740
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section S99
-Paragraph 2
-Subparagraph (SAB Topic 11.C)
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147479360/740-10-S99-2

Reference 14: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 740
-SubTopic 30
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 2
-Subparagraph (a)
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482603/740-30-50-2

+ Details

Leases (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Leases [Abstract]

Schedule of lease costs

Supplemental consolidated balance sheet information related to leases is as follows:


	Classification	December 31, 2024		December 31, 2023

Operating lease assets	Right-of-use operating lease assets	$	4,493,360	$	4,839,526
Finance lease assets	Property and equipment, net	6,890		13,154
Total lease assets		$	4,500,250	$	4,852,680

Operating lease liabilities - current	Operating lease liabilities - current	$	914,800	856,250
Operating lease liabilities - noncurrent	Operating lease liabilities - noncurrent	4,254,173		4,646,383
Finance lease liabilities - current	Other liabilities - current	6,969		7,391
Finance lease liabilities - noncurrent	Other long-term liabilities	1,519		7,764
Total lease liabilities		$	5,177,462	$	5,517,788

The components of lease expense are as follows:


		Year Ended December 31,		Year Ended December 31,
	Classification	2024		2023

Operating lease expense	Selling, general and administrative	$	912,671	$	914,533
Finance lease expense:
Amortization of finance lease assets	Selling, general and administrative	5,568		5,779
Interest on finance lease liabilities	Interest (expense) income, net	1,180		1,801
Total lease expense		$	919,419	$	922,113

Lease term and discount rate:


	December 31, 2024	December 31, 2023
Weighted-average remaining lease terms (in years):
Operating lease	6.7	7.8
Finance lease	1.3	2.5

Weighted-average discount rate:
Operating lease	7.8%	7.8%
Finance lease	7.8%	7.8%

Other Information:


	Years Ended December 31,		Years Ended December 31,
	2024		2023
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities:
Operating cash flows from operating leases	$	357,118	$	476,208
Operating cash flows from finance leases related to interest expense	$	1,180	$	1,801
Financing cash flows from finance leases	$	10,074	$	8,140

Leased assets obtained in exchange for new finance lease liabilities	$	6,890	$	13,154
Leased assets obtained in exchange for new operating lease liabilities	$	—	$	—

Schedule of lessee, operating lease, liability, maturity


	Operating Lease		Finance Lease
Maturities of lease liabilities are as follows:	December 31, 2024		December 31, 2024
2025	$	953,976	$	7,344
2026	981,717		1,742
2027	987,955		—
2028	937,727		—
2029	925,564		—
Thereafter	1,935,262		—
Total lease payments	6,722,201		9,086
Less: interest	(1,553,227)		(598)
Total lease liabilities	$	5,168,974	$	8,488

Schedule of finance lease, liability, maturity


	Operating Lease		Finance Lease
Maturities of lease liabilities are as follows:	December 31, 2024		December 31, 2024
2025	$	953,976	$	7,344
2026	981,717		1,742
2027	987,955		—
2028	937,727		—
2029	925,564		—
Thereafter	1,935,262		—
Total lease payments	6,722,201		9,086
Less: interest	(1,553,227)		(598)
Total lease liabilities	$	5,168,974	$	8,488

Schedule of sublease income

Sublease income are as follows:


		Year Ended December 31,		Year Ended December 31,
	Classification	2024		2023
Sublease income	Other, net	$	381,894	$	466,888

Schedule of lease income

Lease income are as follows:


		Year Ended December 31,		Year Ended December 31,
	Classification	2024		2023
Lease income	Products	$	36,201	$	24,027
Interest income	Products	18,584		13,987
Total lease income		$	54,785	$	38,014

Stockholders’ Equity - Schedule of share repurchase activity (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Equity [Abstract]
Shares repurchased (in shares)	1,680	0
Average purchase price per share (in dollars per share)	$ 0.0001	$ 0
Amount spent on repurchased shares (in dollars per share)	$ 0.17	$ 0
Aggregate Board of Directors repurchase authorizations during the period	$ 1,680	$ 0

Organization and Description of Business	12 Months Ended
Organization and Description of Business	Dec. 31, 2024
Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]
Organization and Description of Business	Organization and Description of Business (a)Description of Business Nuvve Holding Corp., a Delaware corporation headquartered in San Diego, California (the “Company” or “Nuvve”), was founded on November 10, 2020 under the laws of the state of Delaware. On March 19, 2021, the Company (at the time known as NB Merger Corp.) acquired the outstanding shares of Nuvve Corporation (“Nuvve Corp.”), and the Company changed its name to Nuvve Holding Corp. The Company owns 100% of Nuvve Corporation, a Delaware corporation headquartered in San Diego, California (“Nuvve Corp.”), which was founded on October 18, 2010, to develop and commercialize Vehicle to Grid ("V2G") and grid modernization technologies. Nuvve has developed a proprietary V2G technology, including the Company’s Grid Integrated Vehicle (“GIVe™”) cloud-based software platform, that enables it to link multiple electric vehicle ("EV") batteries into a virtual power plant ("VPP") to provide bi-directional energy to the electrical grid in a qualified and secure manner. The VPP can generate revenue by selling or making available to utility companies excess energy when the price is relatively high or buying energy when the price is relatively low. The V2G technology may allow energy users to reduce energy peak consumption and enable utilities to reduce the required internally generated peak demand. Nuvve’s technology is patent protected. Nuvve’s first commercial operation was proven in Copenhagen in 2016. Since then, Nuvve has established operations in the United States, the United Kingdom, France, and Denmark. In addition to Nuvve’s algorithms and software, Nuvve provides complete V2G solutions to its customers, including V2G bi-directional chargers which are preconfigured to work with Nuvve’s GIVe platform. The Company’s technology is compatible with several charger manufacturers both in Direct Current ("DC") (such as CHAdeMO, a DC charging standard for electric vehicles, enabling seamless communication between the vehicle and the charger) and Alternative Current ("AC") mode. (b) Reverse Stock Split At the Company’s Special Meeting of Stockholders held on January 5, 2024, the Company’s stockholders approved a proposal to authorize a reverse stock split of the Company’s common stock, at a ratio within the range of 1-for-2 to 1-for-40. The Board approved a 1-for-40 reverse split ratio, and on January 19, 2024, the Company filed a Certificate of Amendment to the Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Company with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware to effect the reverse split effective January 19, 2024 (the “January 2024 Reverse Stock Split”). The January 2024 Reverse Stock Split is already reflected in the year ended December 31, 2023 consolidated financial statement balances. Additionally, at the Company’s Annual Meeting of Stockholders held on September 9, 2024, the Company’s stockholders approved a proposal to authorize a reverse stock split of the Company’s common stock, at a ratio within the range of 1-for-2 to 1-for-10. The Board approved a 1-for-10 reverse split ratio, and on September 16, 2024, the Company filed a Certificate of Amendment to the Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Company with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware to effect the reverse split effective September 17, 2024 (the “September 2024 Reverse Stock Split” and together with the January 2024 Reverse Stock Split, the “Reverse Stock Splits”). The Reverse Stock Splits were also applicable to the Company’s outstanding warrants, stock options and restricted stock units. The number of shares of common stock into which these outstanding securities are convertible or exercisable were adjusted proportionately as a result of the Reverse Stock Splits. The exercise prices of any outstanding warrants or stock options were also proportionately adjusted in accordance with the terms of those securities and the Company’s equity incentive plans. The Reverse Stock Splits did not affect the number of authorized shares of the Company's common stock or the par value of the common stock. All issued and outstanding common stock, options to purchase common stock, warrants to purchase common stock and per share amounts contained in the consolidated financial statement have been retroactively adjusted to reflect each of the January 2024 Reverse Stock Split and the September 2024 Reverse Stock Split for all periods presented. (c)Structure of the Company Nuvve has two wholly owned subsidiaries, Nuvve Corp. and Nuvve CPO Inc. Nuvve Corp. has four wholly owned subsidiaries: (1) Nuvve Denmark ApS, (“Nuvve Denmark”), a company registered in Denmark, (2) Nuvve SaS, a company registered in France as a branch of Nuvve Corp, (3) Nuvve KK (Nuvve Japan), a company registered in Japan, and (4) Nuvve LTD, a company registered in United Kingdom. Nuvve CPO Inc., or Nuvve Charge Point Operator, was established in August 2024 to support the deployment and ongoing support of the Company's customers charging station networks. In August 2021, the Company formed Levo Mobility LLC, a Delaware limited liability company ("Levo"), with Stonepeak Rocket Holdings LP, a Delaware limited partnership ("Stonepeak"), and Evolve Transition Infrastructure LP, a Delaware limited partnership ("Evolve"). Stonepeak and Evolve conditional capital contribution commitments expired on August 4, 2024. On October 15, 2024 (the “Closing Date” or “Closing”), the Company, Stonepeak, and Evolve entered into a Limited Liability Company Interest Sale Agreement (the “Sale Agreement”), pursuant to which Stonepeak and Evolve sold their combined 49% membership interest in Levo to the Company for a de minimis price. As a result of the Closing, the Company became the 100% owner of Levo. On December 13, 2024, the Company dissolved Levo as an entity. Levo was a consolidated entity of the Company. Please see Note 2 for the principles of consolidation. Deep Impact On August 16, 2024, the Company, Nuvve CPO, and WISE EV-LLC (“WISE”), entered into the definitive agreements to form Deep Impact 1 LLC, a Delaware limited liability company (“Deep Impact”) in which the Company holds a 51% equity interest by way of Nuvve CPO, and in which WISE holds a 49% equity interest. Deep Impact is an entity formed for the principal purpose of operation, installation, maintenance of electric vehicle chargers and other related activities and services created as a business venture between the Company, Nuvve CPO and Wise. In connection with the Deep Impact, Nuvve CPO, WISE and Deep Impact entered into a Contribution and Unit Purchase Agreement (the “Contribution Agreement”), pursuant to which Nuvve CPO and WISE agreed to contribute $51 and $49, respectively to the Deep Impact, and to provide certain services pursuant to separate services agreements to Deep Impact. For such contributions and the services, Nuvve CPO received 51 membership units in Deep Impact, equal to a 51% equity interest, and WISE received 49 membership units in Deep Impact, equal to a 49% equity interest. Deep Impact had limited business operations during the year ended December 31, 2024.

Inventories

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Inventory Disclosure [Abstract]

Inventories

The following table summarizes the Company’s inventories balance by category:


	As of December 31,
	2024		2023
DC Chargers	$	3,966,115	$	5,275,934
AC Chargers	474,154		236,316

Component parts and Carbon Credits	151,633		377,203
Total	$	4,591,902	$	5,889,453

Account Receivables, Net (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
Account Receivables, Net (Details) - USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Less: allowance for credit losses	$ (315,623)	$ (382,598)
Accounts receivable, net	2,148,198	1,724,899
Allowance for credit losses:
Allowance for doubtful accounts, beginning	(382,598)	(58,834)
Provision	(41,082)	(323,764)
Write-off	0	0
Recoveries	108,057	0
Allowance for doubtful accounts, ending	(315,623)	(382,598)
Trade receivables
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Accounts receivable, gross	$ 2,463,821	$ 2,107,497

Income Taxes - Income Tax Reconciliation (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]
Federal income tax benefit at statutory federal tax rate	$ (3,659,211)	$ (6,571,989)
State income tax, net of federal benefit	(792,182)	(1,867,043)
Noncontrolling interest	0	2,616
Stock compensation	516,159	(781,075)
Change in fair value of warrants	(714,690)	(45,415)
Change in valuation allowance	4,335,676	9,298,929
Finance costs	0	(41,391)
Other	315,848	6,968
Income tax expense	$ 1,600	$ 1,600

Leases - Lease cost (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
Leases - Lease cost (Details) - USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Lessee, Lease, Description [Line Items]
Right-of-use operating lease assets	$ 4,493,360	$ 4,839,526
Finance lease, right-of-use asset, after accumulated amortization	6,890	13,154
Operating and finance lease right-of-use assets	$ 4,500,250	$ 4,852,680
Finance Lease, Right-of-Use Asset, Statement of Financial Position [Extensible List]	Property and equipment, net	Property and equipment, net
Operating lease liabilities - current	$ 914,800	$ 856,250
Operating lease liabilities - noncurrent	4,254,173	4,646,383
Finance lease liabilities - current	6,969	7,391
Finance lease liabilities - noncurrent	1,519	7,764
Total lease liabilities	$ 5,177,462	$ 5,517,788
Finance lease, liability, current, statement of financial position, extensible list	Other liabilities	Other liabilities
Finance lease, liability, noncurrent, statement of financial position, extensible list	Other long-term liabilities	Other long-term liabilities
Total lease expense	$ 919,419	$ 922,113
Selling, general and administrative
Lessee, Lease, Description [Line Items]
Operating lease expense	912,671	914,533
Amortization of finance lease assets	5,568	5,779
Interest (expense) income, net
Lessee, Lease, Description [Line Items]
Interest (expense) income, net	$ 1,180	$ 1,801

Intangible Assets (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
Intangible Assets (Details) - USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]
Gross intangible asset	$ 2,091,556	$ 2,091,556
Amortization expense of intangible assets	139,437	139,437
Finite-lived intangible assets, accumulated amortization	1,028,790	$ 889,353
Finite-lived intangible assets, net	$ 1,062,766
Acquire finite-lived intangible assets, weighted average useful life	7 years 9 months 18 days

Pay vs Performance Disclosure - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
Pay vs Performance Disclosure - USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Pay vs Performance Disclosure
Net Income (Loss)	$ (17,397,603)	$ (31,284,331)

- Definition

The portion of profit or loss for the period, net of income taxes, which is attributable to the parent.

+ References

Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 250
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 6
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147483443/250-10-50-6

Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 250
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 9
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147483443/250-10-50-9

Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 805
-SubTopic 60
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 65
-Paragraph 1
-Subparagraph (g)
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147476176/805-60-65-1

Reference 4: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 740
-SubTopic 323
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 65
-Paragraph 2
-Subparagraph (g)(3)
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147478666/740-323-65-2

Reference 5: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef
-Topic 220
-SubTopic 10
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Reference 6: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
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-Topic 946
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Reference 24: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
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Reference 27: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
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Reference 31: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
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Reference 33: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
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Reference 36: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
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-Paragraph 1
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+ Details

Reportable Segment and Significant Segment Expenses - Schedule of Segment Information by Geographic Locations (Details) - USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Long-lived assets	$ 1,676,724	$ 1,968,467
United States
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Long-lived assets	1,508,977	1,741,009
United Kingdom
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Long-lived assets	1,425	2,894
Denmark
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Long-lived assets	$ 166,322	$ 224,564

Fair Value Measurements - Narrative (Details)	Dec. 31, 2024 $ / shares	Dec. 31, 2023 $ / shares	May 17, 2021
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Warrants outstanding, term			10 years
Level 3: Significant Unobservable Inputs \| Fair Value, Nonrecurring \| Minimum
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Embedded derivatives, term		7 months 6 days
Level 3: Significant Unobservable Inputs \| Fair Value, Nonrecurring \| Maximum
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Embedded derivatives, term		7 years
Level 3: Significant Unobservable Inputs \| Fair Value, Nonrecurring \| Measurement Input, Risk Free Interest Rate
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Embedded derivative liability, measurement input		0.0387
Level 3: Significant Unobservable Inputs \| Fair Value, Nonrecurring \| Dividends
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Embedded derivative liability, measurement input		0
Level 3: Significant Unobservable Inputs \| Fair Value, Nonrecurring \| Measurement Input, Price Volatility
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Embedded derivative liability, measurement input		0.790
Level 3: Significant Unobservable Inputs \| Fair Value, Nonrecurring \| Probability Of Redemption Trigger
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Embedded derivative liability, measurement input		0.750
Level 3: Significant Unobservable Inputs \| Fair Value, Nonrecurring \| Private warrants
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Warrants outstanding, term		2 years 2 months 12 days
Exercise price (in dollars per share)		$ 4,600
Level 3: Significant Unobservable Inputs \| Fair Value, Nonrecurring \| Private warrants \| Measurement Input, Risk Free Interest Rate
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Warrants and right outstanding, measurement input		0.0418
Level 3: Significant Unobservable Inputs \| Fair Value, Nonrecurring \| Private warrants \| Dividends
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Warrants and right outstanding, measurement input		0
Level 3: Significant Unobservable Inputs \| Fair Value, Nonrecurring \| Private warrants \| Measurement Input, Price Volatility
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Warrants and right outstanding, measurement input		0.600
Level 3: Significant Unobservable Inputs \| Fair Value, Nonrecurring \| 2022 July Institutional/Accredited Investor Warrants
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Warrants outstanding, term	3 years	4 years 1 month 6 days
Exercise price (in dollars per share)	$ 1,500	$ 1,500
Level 3: Significant Unobservable Inputs \| Fair Value, Nonrecurring \| 2022 July Institutional/Accredited Investor Warrants \| Measurement Input, Risk Free Interest Rate
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Warrants and right outstanding, measurement input	0.0447	0.0392
Level 3: Significant Unobservable Inputs \| Fair Value, Nonrecurring \| 2022 July Institutional/Accredited Investor Warrants \| Dividends
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Warrants and right outstanding, measurement input	0	0
Level 3: Significant Unobservable Inputs \| Fair Value, Nonrecurring \| 2022 July Institutional/Accredited Investor Warrants \| Measurement Input, Price Volatility
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Warrants and right outstanding, measurement input	0.570	0.630
Level 3: Significant Unobservable Inputs \| Fair Value, Nonrecurring \| 2022 July Institutional/Accredited Investor Warrants \| Measurement Input, Share Price
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Warrants and right outstanding, measurement input	3.12	1.20
Level 3: Significant Unobservable Inputs \| Fair Value, Nonrecurring \| 2024 February Institutional/Accredited Investor Warrants
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Warrants outstanding, term	4 years 1 month 2 days
Exercise price (in dollars per share)	$ 20.00
Level 3: Significant Unobservable Inputs \| Fair Value, Nonrecurring \| 2024 February Institutional/Accredited Investor Warrants \| Measurement Input, Risk Free Interest Rate
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Warrants and right outstanding, measurement input	0.0433
Level 3: Significant Unobservable Inputs \| Fair Value, Nonrecurring \| 2024 February Institutional/Accredited Investor Warrants \| Dividends
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Warrants and right outstanding, measurement input	0
Level 3: Significant Unobservable Inputs \| Fair Value, Nonrecurring \| 2024 February Institutional/Accredited Investor Warrants \| Measurement Input, Price Volatility
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Warrants and right outstanding, measurement input	0.850
Level 3: Significant Unobservable Inputs \| Fair Value, Nonrecurring \| 2024 February Institutional/Accredited Investor Warrants \| Measurement Input, Share Price
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Warrants and right outstanding, measurement input	3.12
Level 3: Significant Unobservable Inputs \| Fair Value, Nonrecurring \| 2024 October Institutional/Accredited Investor Warrants
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Warrants outstanding, term	4 years 9 months 18 days
Exercise price (in dollars per share)	$ 3.78
Level 3: Significant Unobservable Inputs \| Fair Value, Nonrecurring \| 2024 October Institutional/Accredited Investor Warrants \| Measurement Input, Risk Free Interest Rate
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Warrants and right outstanding, measurement input	0.0420
Level 3: Significant Unobservable Inputs \| Fair Value, Nonrecurring \| 2024 October Institutional/Accredited Investor Warrants \| Dividends
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Warrants and right outstanding, measurement input	0
Level 3: Significant Unobservable Inputs \| Fair Value, Nonrecurring \| 2024 October Institutional/Accredited Investor Warrants \| Measurement Input, Price Volatility
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Warrants and right outstanding, measurement input	0.496
Level 3: Significant Unobservable Inputs \| Fair Value, Nonrecurring \| 2024 October Institutional/Accredited Investor Warrants \| Measurement Input, Share Price
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Warrants and right outstanding, measurement input	3.12
Level 3: Significant Unobservable Inputs \| Fair Value, Nonrecurring \| Senior Convertible Notes - October 2024
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Warrants outstanding, term	1 year 3 months 29 days
Exercise price (in dollars per share)	$ 3.40
Level 3: Significant Unobservable Inputs \| Fair Value, Nonrecurring \| Senior Convertible Notes - October 2024 \| Measurement Input, Risk Free Interest Rate
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Warrants and right outstanding, measurement input	0.0420
Level 3: Significant Unobservable Inputs \| Fair Value, Nonrecurring \| Senior Convertible Notes - October 2024 \| Dividends
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Warrants and right outstanding, measurement input	0
Level 3: Significant Unobservable Inputs \| Fair Value, Nonrecurring \| Senior Convertible Notes - October 2024 \| Measurement Input, Price Volatility
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Warrants and right outstanding, measurement input	0.496
Level 3: Significant Unobservable Inputs \| Fair Value, Nonrecurring \| Senior Convertible Notes - October 2024 \| Measurement Input, Share Price
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Warrants and right outstanding, measurement input	3.12
Level 3: Significant Unobservable Inputs \| Fair Value, Nonrecurring \| Additional Investment Rights - October 2024
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Warrants outstanding, term	1 year 3 months 29 days
Exercise price (in dollars per share)	$ 3.40
Level 3: Significant Unobservable Inputs \| Fair Value, Nonrecurring \| Additional Investment Rights - October 2024 \| Measurement Input, Risk Free Interest Rate
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Warrants and right outstanding, measurement input	0.0420
Level 3: Significant Unobservable Inputs \| Fair Value, Nonrecurring \| Additional Investment Rights - October 2024 \| Dividends
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Warrants and right outstanding, measurement input	0
Level 3: Significant Unobservable Inputs \| Fair Value, Nonrecurring \| Additional Investment Rights - October 2024 \| Measurement Input, Price Volatility
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Warrants and right outstanding, measurement input	0.496
Level 3: Significant Unobservable Inputs \| Fair Value, Nonrecurring \| Additional Investment Rights - October 2024 \| Measurement Input, Share Price
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Warrants and right outstanding, measurement input	3.12
Level 3: Significant Unobservable Inputs \| Fair Value, Nonrecurring \| 2024 December Institutional/Accredited Investor Warrants
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Warrants outstanding, term	5 years
Exercise price (in dollars per share)	$ 3.26
Level 3: Significant Unobservable Inputs \| Fair Value, Nonrecurring \| 2024 December Institutional/Accredited Investor Warrants \| Measurement Input, Risk Free Interest Rate
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Warrants and right outstanding, measurement input	0.0433
Level 3: Significant Unobservable Inputs \| Fair Value, Nonrecurring \| 2024 December Institutional/Accredited Investor Warrants \| Dividends
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Warrants and right outstanding, measurement input	0
Level 3: Significant Unobservable Inputs \| Fair Value, Nonrecurring \| 2024 December Institutional/Accredited Investor Warrants \| Measurement Input, Price Volatility
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Warrants and right outstanding, measurement input	0.850
Level 3: Significant Unobservable Inputs \| Fair Value, Nonrecurring \| 2024 December Institutional/Accredited Investor Warrants \| Measurement Input, Share Price
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Warrants and right outstanding, measurement input	3.12

Stockholders’ Equity - Schedule of common stock issuable upon exercise of warrants outstanding (Details)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024 $ / shares shares
Stockholders’ Equity (Details) - Schedule of common stock issuable upon exercise of warrants outstanding [Line Items]
Number of warrants (in shares)	2,828,995
Number of warrants exercised (in shares)	147,500
Number of warrants cancelled (in shares)	937,500
Number of warrants exercisable (in shares)	1,743,995
Public warrants
Stockholders’ Equity (Details) - Schedule of common stock issuable upon exercise of warrants outstanding [Line Items]
Number of warrants (in shares)	7,188
Number of warrants exercised (in shares)	0
Number of warrants cancelled (in shares)	0
Number of warrants exercisable (in shares)	7,188
Exercise price (in dollars per share) \| $ / shares	$ 4,600
Private Warrants - February 2020
Stockholders’ Equity (Details) - Schedule of common stock issuable upon exercise of warrants outstanding [Line Items]
Number of warrants (in shares)	341
Number of warrants exercised (in shares)	0
Number of warrants cancelled (in shares)	0
Number of warrants exercisable (in shares)	341
Exercise price (in dollars per share) \| $ / shares	$ 4,600
PIPE Warrants
Stockholders’ Equity (Details) - Schedule of common stock issuable upon exercise of warrants outstanding [Line Items]
Number of warrants (in shares)	3,384
Number of warrants exercised (in shares)	0
Number of warrants cancelled (in shares)	0
Number of warrants exercisable (in shares)	3,384
Exercise price (in dollars per share) \| $ / shares	$ 4,600
Private Pre-Funded Warrants - July 2024
Stockholders’ Equity (Details) - Schedule of common stock issuable upon exercise of warrants outstanding [Line Items]
Number of warrants (in shares)	60,000
Number of warrants exercised (in shares)	60,000
Number of warrants cancelled (in shares)	0
Number of warrants exercisable (in shares)	0
Exercise price (in dollars per share) \| $ / shares	$ 0.0010
Stonepeak/Evolve Warrants - series B
Stockholders’ Equity (Details) - Schedule of common stock issuable upon exercise of warrants outstanding [Line Items]
Number of warrants (in shares)	5,000
Number of warrants exercised (in shares)	0
Number of warrants cancelled (in shares)	5,000
Number of warrants exercisable (in shares)	0
Exercise price (in dollars per share) \| $ / shares	$ 4,000
Stonepeak/Evolve Warrants - series C
Stockholders’ Equity (Details) - Schedule of common stock issuable upon exercise of warrants outstanding [Line Items]
Number of warrants (in shares)	2,500
Number of warrants exercised (in shares)	0
Number of warrants cancelled (in shares)	2,500
Number of warrants exercisable (in shares)	0
Exercise price (in dollars per share) \| $ / shares	$ 6,000
Stonepeak/Evolve Warrants - series D
Stockholders’ Equity (Details) - Schedule of common stock issuable upon exercise of warrants outstanding [Line Items]
Number of warrants (in shares)	2,500
Number of warrants exercised (in shares)	0
Number of warrants cancelled (in shares)	2,500
Number of warrants exercisable (in shares)	0
Exercise price (in dollars per share) \| $ / shares	$ 8,000
Stonepeak/Evolve Warrants - series E
Stockholders’ Equity (Details) - Schedule of common stock issuable upon exercise of warrants outstanding [Line Items]
Number of warrants (in shares)	2,500
Number of warrants exercised (in shares)	0
Number of warrants cancelled (in shares)	2,500
Number of warrants exercisable (in shares)	0
Exercise price (in dollars per share) \| $ / shares	$ 12,000
Stonepeak/Evolve Warrants - series F
Stockholders’ Equity (Details) - Schedule of common stock issuable upon exercise of warrants outstanding [Line Items]
Number of warrants (in shares)	2,500
Number of warrants exercised (in shares)	0
Number of warrants cancelled (in shares)	2,500
Number of warrants exercisable (in shares)	0
Exercise price (in dollars per share) \| $ / shares	$ 16,000
2022 July Institutional/Accredited Investor Warrants
Stockholders’ Equity (Details) - Schedule of common stock issuable upon exercise of warrants outstanding [Line Items]
Number of warrants (in shares)	10,000
Number of warrants exercised (in shares)	0
Number of warrants cancelled (in shares)	0
Number of warrants exercisable (in shares)	10,000
Exercise price (in dollars per share) \| $ / shares	$ 1,500
Underwriter Warrant - February 2024 offering
Stockholders’ Equity (Details) - Schedule of common stock issuable upon exercise of warrants outstanding [Line Items]
Number of warrants (in shares)	48,000
Number of warrants exercised (in shares)	0
Number of warrants cancelled (in shares)	22,500
Number of warrants exercisable (in shares)	25,500
Exercise price (in dollars per share) \| $ / shares	$ 20.00
2024 February Institutional/Accredited Investor Pre-Funded Warrants
Stockholders’ Equity (Details) - Schedule of common stock issuable upon exercise of warrants outstanding [Line Items]
Number of warrants (in shares)	57,500
Number of warrants exercised (in shares)	57,500
Number of warrants cancelled (in shares)	0
Number of warrants exercisable (in shares)	0
Exercise price (in dollars per share) \| $ / shares	$ 0.0010
2024 February Institutional/Accredited Investor Warrants - series A
Stockholders’ Equity (Details) - Schedule of common stock issuable upon exercise of warrants outstanding [Line Items]
Number of warrants (in shares)	480,000
Number of warrants exercised (in shares)	0
Number of warrants cancelled (in shares)	0
Number of warrants exercisable (in shares)	480,000
Exercise price (in dollars per share) \| $ / shares	$ 20.00
2024 February Institutional/Accredited Investor Warrants - series B
Stockholders’ Equity (Details) - Schedule of common stock issuable upon exercise of warrants outstanding [Line Items]
Number of warrants (in shares)	480,000
Number of warrants exercised (in shares)	30,000
Number of warrants cancelled (in shares)	450,000
Number of warrants exercisable (in shares)	0
Exercise price (in dollars per share) \| $ / shares	$ 20.00
2024 February Institutional/Accredited Investor Warrants - series C
Stockholders’ Equity (Details) - Schedule of common stock issuable upon exercise of warrants outstanding [Line Items]
Number of warrants (in shares)	480,000
Number of warrants exercised (in shares)	0
Number of warrants cancelled (in shares)	450,000
Number of warrants exercisable (in shares)	30,000
Exercise price (in dollars per share) \| $ / shares	$ 20.00
2024 October Institutional/Accredited Investor Warrants
Stockholders’ Equity (Details) - Schedule of common stock issuable upon exercise of warrants outstanding [Line Items]
Number of warrants (in shares)	1,102,295
Number of warrants exercised (in shares)	0
Number of warrants cancelled (in shares)	0
Number of warrants exercisable (in shares)	1,102,295
Exercise price (in dollars per share) \| $ / shares	$ 3.78
2024 December Institutional/Accredited Investor Warrants
Stockholders’ Equity (Details) - Schedule of common stock issuable upon exercise of warrants outstanding [Line Items]
Number of warrants (in shares)	85,287
Number of warrants exercised (in shares)	0
Number of warrants cancelled (in shares)	0
Number of warrants exercisable (in shares)	85,287
Exercise price (in dollars per share) \| $ / shares	$ 3.26

Fair Value Measurements - Schedule of liabilities measured at fair value on the condensed consolidated balance sheet (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Recurring fair value measurements
Total recurring fair value measurements	$ 3,174,249	$ 314,349
Recurring fair value measurements, gain (loss) during period	4,103,400	265,760
Derivative liability - non-controlling redeemable preferred shares
Recurring fair value measurements
Total recurring fair value measurements	0	309,728
Recurring fair value measurements, gain (loss) during period	(3,626)	49,497
Private warrants
Recurring fair value measurements
Total recurring fair value measurements	0	0
Recurring fair value measurements, gain (loss) during period	0	2,000
2022 July Institutional/Accredited Investor Warrants
Recurring fair value measurements
Total recurring fair value measurements	0	4,621
Recurring fair value measurements, gain (loss) during period	4,621	214,263
2024 February Institutional/Accredited Investor Warrants
Recurring fair value measurements
Total recurring fair value measurements	291,566
Recurring fair value measurements, gain (loss) during period	3,500,751
2024 October Institutional/Accredited Investor Warrants
Recurring fair value measurements
Total recurring fair value measurements	292,234
Recurring fair value measurements, gain (loss) during period	143,277
Senior Convertible Notes - October 2024
Recurring fair value measurements
Total recurring fair value measurements	2,475,162
Recurring fair value measurements, gain (loss) during period	444,656
Additional Investment Rights - October 2024
Recurring fair value measurements
Total recurring fair value measurements	5,950
Recurring fair value measurements, gain (loss) during period	13,721
2024 December Institutional/Accredited Investor Warrants
Recurring fair value measurements
Total recurring fair value measurements	109,337
Recurring fair value measurements, gain (loss) during period	0
Level 1: Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets
Recurring fair value measurements
Total recurring fair value measurements	0	0
Level 1: Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets \| Derivative liability - non-controlling redeemable preferred shares
Recurring fair value measurements
Total recurring fair value measurements	0	0
Level 1: Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets \| Private warrants
Recurring fair value measurements
Total recurring fair value measurements	0	0
Level 1: Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets \| 2022 July Institutional/Accredited Investor Warrants
Recurring fair value measurements
Total recurring fair value measurements	0	0
Level 1: Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets \| 2024 February Institutional/Accredited Investor Warrants
Recurring fair value measurements
Total recurring fair value measurements	0
Level 1: Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets \| 2024 October Institutional/Accredited Investor Warrants
Recurring fair value measurements
Total recurring fair value measurements	0
Level 1: Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets \| Senior Convertible Notes - October 2024
Recurring fair value measurements
Total recurring fair value measurements	0
Level 1: Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets \| Additional Investment Rights - October 2024
Recurring fair value measurements
Total recurring fair value measurements	0
Level 1: Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets \| 2024 December Institutional/Accredited Investor Warrants
Recurring fair value measurements
Total recurring fair value measurements	0
Level 2: Significant Other Observable Inputs
Recurring fair value measurements
Total recurring fair value measurements	0	0
Level 2: Significant Other Observable Inputs \| Derivative liability - non-controlling redeemable preferred shares
Recurring fair value measurements
Total recurring fair value measurements	0	0
Level 2: Significant Other Observable Inputs \| Private warrants
Recurring fair value measurements
Total recurring fair value measurements	0	0
Level 2: Significant Other Observable Inputs \| 2022 July Institutional/Accredited Investor Warrants
Recurring fair value measurements
Total recurring fair value measurements	0	0
Level 2: Significant Other Observable Inputs \| 2024 February Institutional/Accredited Investor Warrants
Recurring fair value measurements
Total recurring fair value measurements	0
Level 2: Significant Other Observable Inputs \| 2024 October Institutional/Accredited Investor Warrants
Recurring fair value measurements
Total recurring fair value measurements	0
Level 2: Significant Other Observable Inputs \| Senior Convertible Notes - October 2024
Recurring fair value measurements
Total recurring fair value measurements	0
Level 2: Significant Other Observable Inputs \| Additional Investment Rights - October 2024
Recurring fair value measurements
Total recurring fair value measurements	0
Level 2: Significant Other Observable Inputs \| 2024 December Institutional/Accredited Investor Warrants
Recurring fair value measurements
Total recurring fair value measurements	0
Level 3: Significant Unobservable Inputs
Recurring fair value measurements
Total recurring fair value measurements	3,174,249	314,349
Level 3: Significant Unobservable Inputs \| Derivative liability - non-controlling redeemable preferred shares
Recurring fair value measurements
Total recurring fair value measurements	0	309,728
Level 3: Significant Unobservable Inputs \| Private warrants
Recurring fair value measurements
Total recurring fair value measurements	0	0
Level 3: Significant Unobservable Inputs \| 2022 July Institutional/Accredited Investor Warrants
Recurring fair value measurements
Total recurring fair value measurements	0	$ 4,621
Level 3: Significant Unobservable Inputs \| 2024 February Institutional/Accredited Investor Warrants
Recurring fair value measurements
Total recurring fair value measurements	291,566
Level 3: Significant Unobservable Inputs \| 2024 October Institutional/Accredited Investor Warrants
Recurring fair value measurements
Total recurring fair value measurements	292,234
Level 3: Significant Unobservable Inputs \| Senior Convertible Notes - October 2024
Recurring fair value measurements
Total recurring fair value measurements	2,475,162
Level 3: Significant Unobservable Inputs \| Additional Investment Rights - October 2024
Recurring fair value measurements
Total recurring fair value measurements	5,950
Level 3: Significant Unobservable Inputs \| 2024 December Institutional/Accredited Investor Warrants
Recurring fair value measurements
Total recurring fair value measurements	$ 109,337